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Microbiological Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of life forms too small to see with the naked eye.

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2
Q

Who was the first person to report observations of bacteria at the cellular level using a single lens microscope?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Who constructed the first electron microscope?

A

Ernst Ruska

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4
Q

Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Louis Pasteur

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5
Q

Which 3 vaccines did Louis Pasteur develop?

A

Anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies

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6
Q

How was spontaneous generation disproved?

A

Flasks were filled with broth, sterilised the broth by heating and created a bend in the flask. The open end let in microorganisms but the bend trapped them, keeping the broth sterile. When tipped so the bend was no longer an issue, the microorganisms contaminated the broth and spoiled it.

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7
Q

Who demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases?

A

Robert Koch

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8
Q

Who developed vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

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9
Q

Who developed the Germ Theory of Disease?

A

Agostino Bassi

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10
Q

Who advocated handwashing?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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11
Q

Who developed disinfectant?

A

Joseph Lister

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12
Q

Name the 5 types of microbial life forms

A

Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses

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13
Q

Define the Cell Theory

A

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
An enclosed structure isolated from other cells by a lipid membrane.

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14
Q

What are the 5 processes a cell can perform?

A

Metabolism, reproduction, differentiation, communication, self propulsion.

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15
Q

Define metabolism

A

The uptake of chemicals from the environment, their transformation within the cell and elimination of wastes into the environment.

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16
Q

What is an open system?

A

A system e.g. a cell that has constant contact with it’s external environment through uptake and elimination.

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17
Q

Define reproduction

A

Chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the direction of preexisting cells

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18
Q

Define differentiation

A

Formation of a new cell structure such as a spore, usually part of a cellular life cycle

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19
Q

Define communication

A

Chemicals released or taken up by a cell causing interaction with other cells.

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20
Q

Define movement

A

Living organisms capable of propulsion

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21
Q

What is true nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic cell

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22
Q

What is pre nucleus?

A

Prokaryotic cell

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23
Q

Name 3 negative effects of microbes

A

Human Disease
Plant and Animal disease
Food spoilage

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24
Q

Name 5 positive effects of microbes

A 
Biogeochemical cycles
Bioremediation
Agriculture/food production
Biotechnology
Basic Research
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25
What is the primary goal of Microbiology?
To understand how microorganisms function and from this understanding identify new ways in which their beneficial effects can be increased and their harmful effects can be reduced.
26
Taxonomy
The SCIENCE of NAMING AND GROUPING organisms in a manner which reflects their relationship in terms of evolution
27
Classification
The PRACTICE of PLACING organisms into taxonomic groups
28
Nomenclature
The COLLECTION of RULES AND PROCEDURES for assigning organisms to taxonomic groups
29
Phylogeny
The EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY of an organism
30
Systematics
The SCIENCE concerned with the CONSTRUCTION of phylogenies
31
Name 6 phenotypic properties we can look for when classifying bacteria
``` Morphology Staining Motility Metabolism Habitat Pathogenicity ```
32
Name the 3 shapes of bacteria and their corresponding arrangements
Bacilli: streptobacillus, coccobacillus Spirals: vibrio, spirochete, spirillium Cocci: coccus, diplococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus, tetrad, sarcina
33
Name a bacillus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
34
Name a streptobacillus
Bacillus anthracis
35
Name a diplococcus
Neisseria meningitidis
36
Name a streptococcus
S. pyrogenes
37
Name a staphylococcus
S. aureus
38
Name a Vibrio
Vibrio cholerae
39
Name a spirochete
Treponema pallidum
40
Name a spirillum
Spirillum minus
41
What is the Linnaean System of Classification and who designed it?
Carl Linnaeus | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
42
Describe the main features of a cytoplasmic membrane
6-8 nm wide Embedded proteins Stabilised by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions Mg+2 and Ca+2 stablise the membrane by forming ionic bonds with negative charges on the phospholipids Fluid mosaic
43
Describe Peptidoglycan
The rigid layer that provides strength to a cell wall Polysaccharides (composed of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid) Amino acids Lysin or diaminopimelic acid Different in gram positive and gram negative bacteria
44
Describe a gram positive cell wall
Mostly peptidoglycan Teichoic acids Lipoteichoic acids covalently bound to membrane lipids
45
Describe the outer membrane
Total cell wall contains 10% peptidoglycan Most of it is lipopolysaccharide layerconsisting of core and O polysaccharides LPS replaces most of phospholipids in outer half of out membrane Endotoxin is the toxic component of LPS
46
What lipids anchor the LPS in the outer membrane?
Glucosamine, Beta-hydroxymyristate and fatty acids
47
What cores are genus specific antigens?
Ketodeoxyoctonate, Phosphoethanolamine, Heptose, Glucose, Galactose, N-acetylglucosamine
48
What antigens are species, serotype or strain specific?
Polysaccharide chains e.g. galactose, rhamnose, mannose, abequose
49
Describe the process of gram staining
``` Unstained Crystal violet stain Wash Iodine Wash Saffranin ```
50
Describe the process of the Ziehl-Nielsen Acid Fast stain
Unstained Red carbolfuchsin Decolourise with HCl Counter stain with methylene blue
51
Describe an Acid Fast cell wall
``` 10% peptidoglycan Mannophosphoinositide Arabinogalactan Mycolic acid Lipoarabinomannan ```
52
Descirbe the dichotomous tree
``` Gram stain Shape Oxidase Test Lactose Fermentation Growth on citrate as sole carbon source Indole production ```
53
Describe the structure of a capsule
``` Polysaccharide layers Assist in surface attachment Protect against phagocytosis Resist dessication e.g. S. pneumoniae e.g. Haemophilus influenzae ```
54
Describe the structure of fimbriae
Filamentous protein structures that help organisms stick to structures or form pellicles
55
Describe the structure of pili
``` Filamentous protein structures, longer than fimbriae Help with surface attachment Help cells exchange genetic material Twitching motility (type 4) ```
56
Name the 4 types of pili arrangement
Filamentous, Pap, Bundle forming, Curli
57
Describe the structure of flaggelum
Helical, assists in swimming | Can be peritrichous, polar, monotrichous, amphitrichous or lophotrichous
58
Define Phylotyping
The use of nucleic acid based molecular techniques for the establishment of relatedness between species
59
Which characteristics does a gene have to have to be selected for phylotyping?
Wide distribution Highly conserved Regions of variation No horizontal gene transfer
60
Define the molecular clock
The point in time at which the evolution of a new species can be placed
61
Name the 3 properties of phylogenetic trees
Internal nodes, External nodes and Branches
62
Who was Carl Woese?
He proposed the 3 domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria and Fungi
63
Name 2 alpha proteobacteria
Brucella and Rickettsia
64
Name 3 beta proteobacteria
Bordetella, Neisseria and Spirillum
65
What are the advantages of phylotyping?
Fast No cultivation required Easy to determine relationships Greater resolution

Microbiology (6 decks)

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