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Microbiology > Microbiological Diversity > Flashcards

Microbiological Diversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of life forms too small to see with the naked eye.

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2
Q

Who was the first person to report observations of bacteria at the cellular level using a single lens microscope?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Who constructed the first electron microscope?

A

Ernst Ruska

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4
Q

Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Louis Pasteur

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5
Q

Which 3 vaccines did Louis Pasteur develop?

A

Anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies

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6
Q

How was spontaneous generation disproved?

A

Flasks were filled with broth, sterilised the broth by heating and created a bend in the flask. The open end let in microorganisms but the bend trapped them, keeping the broth sterile. When tipped so the bend was no longer an issue, the microorganisms contaminated the broth and spoiled it.

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7
Q

Who demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases?

A

Robert Koch

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8
Q

Who developed vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

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9
Q

Who developed the Germ Theory of Disease?

A

Agostino Bassi

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10
Q

Who advocated handwashing?

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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11
Q

Who developed disinfectant?

A

Joseph Lister

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12
Q

Name the 5 types of microbial life forms

A

Bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses

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13
Q

Define the Cell Theory

A

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
An enclosed structure isolated from other cells by a lipid membrane.

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14
Q

What are the 5 processes a cell can perform?

A

Metabolism, reproduction, differentiation, communication, self propulsion.

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15
Q

Define metabolism

A

The uptake of chemicals from the environment, their transformation within the cell and elimination of wastes into the environment.

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16
Q

What is an open system?

A

A system e.g. a cell that has constant contact with it’s external environment through uptake and elimination.

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17
Q

Define reproduction

A

Chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the direction of preexisting cells

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18
Q

Define differentiation

A

Formation of a new cell structure such as a spore, usually part of a cellular life cycle

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19
Q

Define communication

A

Chemicals released or taken up by a cell causing interaction with other cells.

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20
Q

Define movement

A

Living organisms capable of propulsion

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21
Q

What is true nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic cell

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22
Q

What is pre nucleus?

A

Prokaryotic cell

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23
Q

Name 3 negative effects of microbes

A

Human Disease
Plant and Animal disease
Food spoilage

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24
Q

Name 5 positive effects of microbes

A 
Biogeochemical cycles
Bioremediation
Agriculture/food production
Biotechnology
Basic Research
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25
Q

What is the primary goal of Microbiology?

A

To understand how microorganisms function and from this understanding identify new ways in which their beneficial effects can be increased and their harmful effects can be reduced.

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26
Q

Taxonomy

A

The SCIENCE of NAMING AND GROUPING organisms in a manner which reflects their relationship in terms of evolution

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27
Q

Classification

A

The PRACTICE of PLACING organisms into taxonomic groups

28
Q

Nomenclature

A

The COLLECTION of RULES AND PROCEDURES for assigning organisms to taxonomic groups

29
Q

Phylogeny

A

The EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY of an organism

30
Q

Systematics

A

The SCIENCE concerned with the CONSTRUCTION of phylogenies

31
Q

Name 6 phenotypic properties we can look for when classifying bacteria

A 
Morphology
Staining
Motility
Metabolism
Habitat
Pathogenicity
32
Q

Name the 3 shapes of bacteria and their corresponding arrangements

A

Bacilli: streptobacillus, coccobacillus
Spirals: vibrio, spirochete, spirillium
Cocci: coccus, diplococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus, tetrad, sarcina

33
Q

Name a bacillus

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

34
Q

Name a streptobacillus

A

Bacillus anthracis

35
Q

Name a diplococcus

A

Neisseria meningitidis

36
Q

Name a streptococcus

A

S. pyrogenes

37
Q

Name a staphylococcus

A

S. aureus

38
Q

Name a Vibrio

A

Vibrio cholerae

39
Q

Name a spirochete

A

Treponema pallidum

40
Q

Name a spirillum

A

Spirillum minus

41
Q

What is the Linnaean System of Classification and who designed it?

A

Carl Linnaeus

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

42
Q

Describe the main features of a cytoplasmic membrane

A

6-8 nm wide
Embedded proteins
Stabilised by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions
Mg+2 and Ca+2 stablise the membrane by forming ionic bonds with negative charges on the phospholipids
Fluid mosaic

43
Q

Describe Peptidoglycan

A

The rigid layer that provides strength to a cell wall
Polysaccharides (composed of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid)
Amino acids
Lysin or diaminopimelic acid
Different in gram positive and gram negative bacteria

44
Q

Describe a gram positive cell wall

A

Mostly peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids
Lipoteichoic acids covalently bound to membrane lipids

45
Q

Describe the outer membrane

A

Total cell wall contains 10% peptidoglycan
Most of it is lipopolysaccharide layerconsisting of core and O polysaccharides
LPS replaces most of phospholipids in outer half of out membrane
Endotoxin is the toxic component of LPS

46
Q

What lipids anchor the LPS in the outer membrane?

A

Glucosamine, Beta-hydroxymyristate and fatty acids

47
Q

What cores are genus specific antigens?

A

Ketodeoxyoctonate, Phosphoethanolamine, Heptose, Glucose, Galactose, N-acetylglucosamine

48
Q

What antigens are species, serotype or strain specific?

A

Polysaccharide chains e.g. galactose, rhamnose, mannose, abequose

49
Q

Describe the process of gram staining

A 
Unstained
Crystal violet stain
Wash
Iodine
Wash
Saffranin
50
Q

Describe the process of the Ziehl-Nielsen Acid Fast stain

A

Unstained
Red carbolfuchsin
Decolourise with HCl
Counter stain with methylene blue

51
Q

Describe an Acid Fast cell wall

A 
10% peptidoglycan
Mannophosphoinositide
Arabinogalactan
Mycolic acid
Lipoarabinomannan
52
Q

Descirbe the dichotomous tree

A 
Gram stain
Shape
Oxidase Test
Lactose Fermentation
Growth on citrate as sole carbon source
Indole production
53
Q

Describe the structure of a capsule

A 
Polysaccharide layers
Assist in surface attachment
Protect against phagocytosis
Resist dessication
e.g. S. pneumoniae
e.g. Haemophilus influenzae
54
Q

Describe the structure of fimbriae

A

Filamentous protein structures that help organisms stick to structures or form pellicles

55
Q

Describe the structure of pili

A 
Filamentous protein structures, longer than fimbriae
Help with surface attachment
Help cells exchange genetic material
Twitching motility (type 4)
56
Q

Name the 4 types of pili arrangement

A

Filamentous, Pap, Bundle forming, Curli

57
Q

Describe the structure of flaggelum

A

Helical, assists in swimming

Can be peritrichous, polar, monotrichous, amphitrichous or lophotrichous

58
Q

Define Phylotyping

A

The use of nucleic acid based molecular techniques for the establishment of relatedness between species

59
Q

Which characteristics does a gene have to have to be selected for phylotyping?

A

Wide distribution
Highly conserved
Regions of variation
No horizontal gene transfer

60
Q

Define the molecular clock

A

The point in time at which the evolution of a new species can be placed

61
Q

Name the 3 properties of phylogenetic trees

A

Internal nodes, External nodes and Branches

62
Q

Who was Carl Woese?

A

He proposed the 3 domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria and Fungi

63
Q

Name 2 alpha proteobacteria

A

Brucella and Rickettsia

64
Q

Name 3 beta proteobacteria

A

Bordetella, Neisseria and Spirillum

65
Q

What are the advantages of phylotyping?

A

Fast
No cultivation required
Easy to determine relationships
Greater resolution

Microbiology (6 decks)

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