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Microbiology > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the advantages of ELISA?

A 
Sensitive
Reproducible
Qualitative and quantitative
Greater scope
Suitable for automation
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2
Q

Radioimmunoassay

A

Purified antigen labelled with radioisotope competes with unlabelled standard for antibody binding. Amount of radioactivity associated with antibody is measured.

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3
Q

Immunoblot (western blot)

A

Detects for a specific protein associated with a specific organism. Highly specific and sensitive. Involves separation of proteins, transfer of proteins from gel to nitrocellulose membrane and identification of protein with a specific antibody.

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4
Q

In vivo testing

A

Antigens introduced directly into body to determine presence or absence of antibodies
Tuberculin skin test and allergy testing

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5
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of transmission, incidence and frequency of disease
The study of when and where diseases occur

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6
Q

Who was John Snow?

A

Created map of people who died from chloera in London and what water pump they drank from.

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7
Q

Who was Florence Nightingale?

A

Statistically linked disease and death with poor food and unsanitary conditions

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8
Q

Define symptom

A

A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease

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9
Q

Define sign

A

A change in the body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

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10
Q

Define syndrome

A

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

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11
Q

Communicable disease

A

A disease spread from one host to another e.g. tuberculosis

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12
Q

Contagious disease

A

A disease that is EASILY spread from one host to another e.g. chicken pox

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13
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

A disease that is not transmitted from one host to another e.g. tetanus

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14
Q

What are the stages of infectious disease, and when are they contagious?

A 
Incubation period
Prodomal period
Illness period
Decline period
Convalescence period
Normally contagious in incubation and prodomal periods
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15
Q

What is a sub-acute disease?

A

Sudden onset but lasts a long time.

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16
Q

Sporadic disease

A

Occurs occasionally in a population at irregular intervals

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17
Q

Endemic disease

A

Continually present in a population at low frequency and a steady level

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18
Q

Epidemic disease

A

High frequency over short time period, many hosts in an area, sudden increase of morbidity and mortality above the normal level

19
Q

Pandemic disease

A

Worldwide

20
Q

Common source epidemic

A

Disease spread from one source, little transmission e.g. food poisoning

21
Q

Propogated epidemic

A

Disease continously transmitted from infected, higher numbers and longer lasting e.g. influenza

22
Q

Herd immunity

A

Many people in a population are immune so cannot get infected and more important cannot spread the disease

23
Q

Describe the microbialdiease cycle

A

Reservoir - Transmission - Portal of Entry - Disease - Portal of Exit - Reservoir

24
Q

Symptomatic Reservoir

A

Obvious source of infectious agent

25
Q

Asymptomatic Reservoir

A

No obvious symptoms of disease e.g. some STIs

26
Q

Define Zoonose

A

A disease that occurs in domestic and wild animals and can be transmmitted to humans

27
Q

Name 5 transmission routes of zoonoses

A 
Direct contact
Contamination with infected pet waste
Air contaminated from hides, fur etc.
Insect vectors
Consuming infected animal products
28
Q

Define droplet transmission

A

Pathogens spread in droplet nuclei (mucus droplets)
Typically travel short distance
Sneezing, coughing etc.

29
Q

Define inanimate reservoir

A

Water, Food, Air for example

30
Q

Define mechanical vector

A

Just a vehicle like fleas carrying plague from one host to another

31
Q

Define biological vector

A

Some of the development of the microbe takes place within the vector e.g. mosquitoes and malaria

32
Q

Define a nosocomial infection

A

Acquired in hospitals

5-15% of patients affected

33
Q

Name 4 factors that could contribute to nocosomial infections

A

Patient population immunocompromised
Misuse of antibiotics which increases chance of resistant strains
Medical devices as new portals of entry
Hospital staff as reservoir

34
Q

Name 4 ways to prevent nocosomial infections

A

Appropriate use of antibiotics
Safe and effective decontamination and sterilisation
Hygiene
Screening of patients

35
Q

Name 7 factors that are contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases and give examples

A

Genetic recombination e.g. H5N1
Evolution or new serovars e.g. V. cholerae
Inappropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides e.g. M. tuberculosis
Global warming or weather changes e.g. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Modern transportation e.g. cholera
Ecological disaster e.g. coccidiodomycosis after Northridge earthquake
Public health failures e.g. missed hepatitis immunisations

36
Q

Define Molecular epidemiology

A

To identify microparasites responsible for infectious diseases and to determine their physical sources, biological relationships, routes of trnasmission and the genes responsible for their virulence, vaccine relevant antigens and resistance.

37
Q

Define infectious disease outbreak

A

Geographically and temporally associated cluster of cases of acute illness caused by a pathogen, in excess of what is usually expected for that time or place.

38
Q

Define short term (local) epidemiology

A

The isolates recovered from a localised outbreak of disease - the same or different strains

39
Q

Define long term (global) epidemiology

A

How are strains causing disease in one geographical area compared to those isolated worldwide

40
Q

Name 3 reasons why isolates are forwarded to the National Reference Library

A

To confirm identity
To further characterise the isolates
To provide reference collection for the future

41
Q

What is subtyping?

A

The characterisation of bacteria below the species or subspecies level. Strains from the same source are likely to show similar subtypes.

42
Q

Why do we subtype?

A

It helps to separate outbreak associated cases with sporadic cases.

43
Q

Name 6 things an ideal subtyping method should have.

A 
Fast
Robust
Portable
Reproducible
Differentiates unrelated strains
Cost effective
44
Q

What is Biotyping?

A

The differentiation of strains within a species on the basis of physiological or biochemical characteristics

Microbiology (6 decks)

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