Microbio Final Flashcards
how many microbes do we carry in our gut?
up to 2kg
tetrad
cubes of 4 and 8 squared
pallisade
side to side cells
what kind of cell fluctuates with how immunocompetent you are that day?
natural killer cells
what is the command center of level 3 defenses?
lymphatic system
where are B and T lymphocytes produced?
bone marrow
where do T cells mature?
thymus
where do B cells mature?
bone marrow
what are the lymphoid organs?
lymph nodes and spleen
what are the Mucosal Associated Lymphatic Tissues?
- tonsils
- adenoids
- peyers patches
- appendix
where are MHC-1 found?
all nucleated cells
what are MHC-1 used for?
ID of abnormal self cells
where are MHC-2 found
on antigen presenting cells
what are the antigen presenting cells?
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
- B-lymphocytes
what are MHC-2 used for?
presenting the antigen to immune cells
when is cell mediated immunity initiated?
1-2 days
what kind of cell is activated during cell mediated immunity?
T cells
what are the two types of level 3 immunities?
cell mediated and humoral
when is humoral immunity initiated?
2-5 days
what kind of cell is activated during humoral?
B cells
APC with MHC-2 goes to lymph nodes and activates what ?
T helper 0 and T cytotoxic 0
how does the antigen on the MHC-2 activate the T cells?
T cell receptor protein matches with antigen on MHC-2
what does Th0 become?
Th1
what cell secretes cytokines?
Th1
what does Tc0 become?
TcC or T cytotoxic clones
what are the two main jobs of cytokines?
- increasing phagocytosis
- activating T cytotoxic cells
another name for T cytotoxic cells when activated…
Killer T cells
how do cytokines increase phagocytosis?
- more lysosomes
- other cells convert to phagocytic cells
- phagocytes become faster
how do cytokines activate Cytotoxic T cells
cause them to clone rapidly with info. about antigen
Two types of T cell clones are made. What are they?
T cytotoxic and T memory
which kind of T cell is the majority of clones made?
T cytotoxic
which kind of T cell is the minority of clones made?
T memory
although both kind of T cells are cloned, which one is activated and used immediately?
T cytotoxic
what is the only kind of T cell stays in the lymph node and does not leave to bloodstream and tissues?
T helper 1
why doesn’t Th1 leave the lymph node?
has to keep secreting cytokines to increase phagocytosis and activate T cytotoxic cells
how do T cytotoxic cells find infected or abnormal self cells?
chemotaxis
how do T cytotoxic cells destroy cells?
perforin + granzyme
what kind of pathogen does T cytotoxic cells work best to eliminate?
- Infected self cells
- cancerous self
- yeast
- protozoa
- worms
when the threat is over which cells die from cell mediated immunity?
cloned T cytotoxic cells and T helper 1 cells
which cells live forever after cell mediated immunity?
T memory
in the second exposure (cell mediated), what happens?
T memory cells become T cytotoxic cells
is an APC needed in the second exposure?
no
how long does is take for T memory cells to become T cytotxic cells in the second exposure?
minutes
what are the two switches needed to activate B cells?
MHC-2 or B cell receptors in membrane
in humoral immunity, what happens after the APC enters the lymphoid organ?
Th0 becomes T helper 2
what does T helper 2 bind to?
MHC-2
What do the cloned B cells differentiate into?
plasma cells and B memory cells
what do plasma cells produce?
antibodies
when does antibody production begin?
5 days into infection
how many antibodies are produced from plasma cells?
2000/second
do plasma and B memory cells leave the lymph node?
no
when the threat is over after humoral immunity, which cells die?
plasma cells and T helper 2
when the threat is over after humoral immunity, which cells live forever?
B memory
in the second exposure (humoral), what happens?
B memory cells convert to plasma cells and secrete antibodies and do not need an APC
who calls antibodies gamma globulins?
blood scientitst
who calls antibodies immunoglobins?
immune scientists
what does Fab stand for?
Fractions which are Antigen Binding
what does Fc stand for?
Fraction which is Constant or Crystalizable
IgG
- 80%
- monomer
- only one that crosses placenta and will stay with baby for up to 6 months
IgA
- 10-15%
- dimer
- transported through glands for secretions
- tears, saliva, mucus, milk
- transmitted to baby through breastfeeding
IgM
- 5-10%
- pentamer
- found in blood ONLY
- grabs 10 antigens at a time
IgE
- less than 1%
- do not bind to antigens
- monomers
- allergic reactions
- bind to mast cells, basophils, eosinophils
IgD
- less than 0.5%
- monomers
- function as B cell receptors
B virgins make plasma cells and release these antibodies in this order… (first + subsequent exposure)
IgM first then IgG
how do B memory cells release antibodies in subsequent exposures?
IgG in large amounts and IgM at same time both earlier
anti viral drugs for attachment prossess
attachment antagonist
agglutination:
Fab binds to antigen causing clumping which increases phagocytosis
what type of pathogen does agglutination work best to eliminate
- bacteria
- larger viruses
opsonization
Fab binds to antigen and Fc binds to phagocyte surface and forces phagocytosis
what type of antigen does opsonization work best to eliminate?
bacteria only
Natural killer activation
Fab binds to antigen and Fc binds to NK cell and leads it to pathogen
what type of pathogen does Natural Killer Activation work best to eliminate?
eukaryotic abnormal self cells
complement activation
Fab binds to antigen Fc binds to loose complement proteins and causes inflammation, opsonization, and membrane attack complex
in humoral immunity what is the only molecule that leaves the lymphoid organ?
antibodies
inflammation works bets to eliminate which kind of pathogen?
- bacteria
- infected self cell, yeast, protozoa
opsonization works best to eliminate which kind of pathogen?
bacteria
membrane attack complex works best to eliminate which kind of pathogen?
- bacteria
- infected self, yeast, protozoa
neutralization
Fab binds to antigen and blocks binding ability of toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and viruses
oxidation
Fab binds to antigen and H2O2 or O3 are made in the local area which is facilitated by Fc.
oxidation works best to eliminate which kind of pathogen?
bacteria
allergy producing antigens
allergens
allergens trigger the production of what?
IgE antibodies
IgE antibodies bind to which kind of cells?
- mast cells
- basophiles
- eosinophiles
what kind of granules are found beneath of the epithelium/endothelium?
histamines, leukotrienes, bradykinins, serotonin
what is the name for a cell when it has hit the critical number of IgE?
fully loaded
what is degranulation?
release of chemicals within vesiscles in cells
what are the three effects of degranulation?
- general inflammation; capillaries dilate and become leaky which causes fluid to go to tissues
- smooth muscle contractions; constriction of airways, cramping and diarrea
- glandular secretion; mucus, tears, digestive enzymes, acid
why do we have allergies?
- expel antigens from body
- “hygeine hypothesis”
what are whole cell vaccines?
live but attenuated pathogen injected
whole cell vaccines effectiveness and why
Highest: multiple antigens and reproduction - highest # of memory cells
risk of whole cell vaccine:
could get the disease since its alive
killed or inactivated vaccine:
pathogen has been killed but antigens still present
killed or inactivated vaccine effectiveness and why:
highly effective: no reproduction but multiple antigens
risk of killed or inactivated vaccine?
no risk of infection but strong immune response
generalized transduction happens where?
lytic cycle only
soluble subunit effectiveness and why:
lowest effectiveness: response to only antigens injected booster needed
soluble antigens (subunits) vaccine:
antigens injected
soluble subunit vaccine risk
lowest risk no danger of infection except to adjuvants
how are recombinant vaccines created?
manipulating DNA
bacterial conjugation donor
always F+
bacterial conjugation recipient
always F-
can be same or dif species
what does F+ cell do?
make sex pili
F+ sends what to F- via cyto. bridge?
F+ copy
recombinant attenuated vaccine effectiveness and why:
highly effective + safer: virulance factor deleted, reproducing w multiple antigens
for hfr conjugation does the recipient become a donor?
no
how do pathogens enter?
dose and portal of entry
how are capsules used as weapons
- neutralize antibiotics
- avoid phagocytosis
- block complement activation
- delay immune response
how are enzymes used as weapons
alter substrate in host tissue
invasins
flagella along with invasin enzymes allow bacteria to push through cells of blood vessel walls
what enzyme does spirochaetes use to make it more virulent?
invasins
coagulase
- clotting
- prevents WBC from entering
- localizing enzymes
- helps form local infections
streptokinase
- breaksdown blood clots
- allows speticemia
hyalouronidase
dissolves hylauronic acid
collagenase
breakdown collagen
which two enzymes work together to get between and under cell layers?
collagenase and hylauronidase
hylauronidase and collagenase spread through tissue not blood. what is that called?
systemic
leucocidin
- kills WBC
- makes pus
M protein
- prevent phagocytosis by WBC
- pseudopods cannot grab pathogens
hemolysin
- rupture RBC
- releases Fe and proteins
- decrease O2 and increase CO2 for microaerophiles
protease
- digest proteins
lipase
-breaks down fats
amylase
- carbs
how does liquifying tissues help pathogens?
- they eat you
- prevent circulation so theres no WBC
- prevent drugs
exotoxins
toxins that exit the bacterial cells
how do exotoxins leave?
- proteins
- secreted from live cells
- gram (-) and gram (+) can produce
- antitoxins produce by immune system
antitoxin
antibodies that destroy toxins only
toxoid
denatured toxin used in a vaccin
cytotoxin
- directly kills cells
- causes lesions
- Ex. Anthrax
neurotoxins
effects nerve system
two types of neurotoxins
- botulism
- tetanus
what type of paralysis is botulism
flaccid
how does botulism toxic work?
- binds to motor nerve endings
botulism prevents release of what?
neurotransmitters - acetylcholine
infant botulism is what?
it is a food infection NOT an intoxication
what kind of paralysis is tetanus?
rigid
how does tetanus work?
- binds to nerve endings
- releases neurotransmitter
enterotoxin
effects digestive tract
enterotoxin effects
- fluid loss
- increased peristalsis
endotoxin
toxin released inside the cell
where is lipid toxin found?
LPS layer
what kind of cells are endotoxins found in?
gram (-) ONLY
when are endotoxins released?
when cell dies
systemic effect of endotoxins
- shock
- fever
- inflammation
- drop in BP
- blood clots
why are endotoxins lipids?
because they do not trigger an immune response
if lipids do cause an immune response, what cannot be made in response to endotoxins?
antitoxins
intra
same species
inter
talk to other species
evidence of viral infected cell abnormalities
cytopathic effects
how do viral cytopathic effects show up
often as lesions and lack of function
syncytium formation
cells merge into large mass
multinucleated cells
cell has more than one nucleus but does NOT get bigger
inclusion bodies
clumps of host cell organelles or viral products seen in host cell
nucleomegaly
nucleus gets bigger but cell DOES NOT
enlargement
cell gets bigger
rounding
infected cell becomes round
skin
- normal flora
- cornification
- hair
- salt
- lysozyme
- sloughing; flushing
respiratory tract
- lysozyme
- flushing
- cilliary escalator
eyes
- hair
- salt
- lysozyme
- flushing
mouth
- normal flora
- lysozyme
- flushing
- digestive enzymes
urinary tract (male)
- flushing
female reproductive tract
- normal flora (vagina only)
- acid (vagina only)
- lysozyme
- cilliary escalator
digestive tract
- normal flora (intestines only)
- acid (stomach only)
- lysozyme
- peristalsis; flushing
- digestive enzymes
what is phagocytosis?
engulfed material either digested or secreted
where are neutrophiles found?
blood and tissues
where are monocytes found?
blood only
what cell is deprived from monocytes?
macrophages
where are macrophages found
tissues only
what are the three types of macrophages?
- dendritic
- kupffer
- microglial
where are dendritic cells found?
skin
where are keupfer cells found?
liver
where are microglial cells found?
brain
first step of phagocytosis:
- WBC find bacteria via taxis
what MUST phagocytic cells have?
lysosome pouch
what is in the lysosome pouch?
- lysosomes
- acid
- super oxide
- digestive enzymes
second step of phagocytosis:
pseudopods grab particle
third step of phagocytosis:
- phagocyte must digest particle material into the phagosome pouch
- release alert signla via cytokines
fourth step of phagocytosis
- fusion phagosome + lysosome = phagolysosome
fifth step of phagocytosis:
- digest material
sixth step of phagocytosis:
- secrete undigested material vis exocytosis
antigen
unique, recognizable molecules of pathogen saved
what cells use MHC-2
APC:
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
- B- lymphocytes
bacterial antigens:
- membrane proteins
- endo + exoenzymes
- flagella
-pilli
digestive enzymes - capsules
viral antigens:
- capsomeres
- peplomers or matrix proteins
- enzymes
fungal antigens
- eukaryotic cells
- protozoa and worms
- cell surface proteins
- enzymes
your own cells that are not working normally
abnormal self cells
neutralization toxins
cant bind to tissues
neutralization enzymes
cant bind to substrate
neutralization bacterial adhesions
cant bind to tissue/ surface
neutralization viruses
cant bind to host cell
dolor
pain
rubor
red
tumor
swelling
calor
heat
