lecture test 1 Flashcards
Who coined the term “cell”?
Robert Hooke
How did the Janssen brothers make the first microscope?
Turned a telescope upside down and sold it
What is Micrographia
Hooke’s book of microscopic drawings
Who had the most powerful microscope in the late 1600’s to early 1700’s?
Leeowenhoek
What did Leeuwenhoek look at?
Pond water, feces, tooth scrapings, semen
What was Leeuwenhoek the first to describe?
animalcules AKA living stuff moving around (bacteria, protozoa, molds)
What discoveries to come to a halt for 100 years?
Leeuwenhoak was secretive and did not tell anyone how to make the microscope or how to focus it.
What is Spontaneous Generation?
Living creatures can arise from a non-living component.
What are the Theories of Disease?
Curses from witches
Inheritance
Punishments for sins
Miasma
Germs (later)
What controversy did Redi settle?
Spontaneous Generation
When did Redi’s Meat/Maggot experiment take place?
1670’s
What was the significance of the Meat/Maggot experiment?
1- Disproved Spontaeous Generation
2- Developed experimental method
What experiment was Jenner known for and when did it take place?
Smallpox experiments in 1796
What were Jenners two observations?
1- Cowpox gave immunity to small pox (milk maids)
2- Small pox parties (variolation) gave immunity
What did Jenner develope?
The first vaccination against small pox using pus from cowpox
What did Semmelweiss create and when?
Asepsis 1847
What measurements did Semmelweiss implement?
Lime water for disinfection, washing hands after dealing with cadavers.
Who did Lister get his ideas from?
Semmelweiss
What did Lister create and when?
Aseptic Surgery 1850
What did Lister implement in surgery?
Disinfection of air and wounds, heat sterilization
What were Pastures wine results?
1- microorganisms metabolise (eat and poo)
2- if microorganisms make wine sick then they can make people sick too
3- microorganisms do not spontaneously generate
Which of Pastures experiments ended spontaneous generation?
S-Flask experiments
When was Pastures wine experiment and when was S-flask?
wine- 1857
S-flask- 1865
When were Kochs anthrax experiments?
1875
Kochs 4 postulates:
1- Isolate pathogen and spread on agar surface and compare w healthy animal
2- Grow isolatedd pathogen
3- introduce it to healthy animal and see if they have the same symptoms
4- get same pathogen from newly sick animal
What did Koch prove?
Theory of disease
Why were Kochs experiments important?
Use his postulates today and his techniques (petri dishes, agar, staining)
When did Pasteurs Attenuation experiment take place?
1880
What is attenuation?
a weakened pathogen will give people immunity
How did Pasture weaken the pathogen?
aging, weak acid, passage through animals, drying it.
What did Fleming do?
Isolated first antibiotic penicillin.
what are the 4 drug targets?
genome
ribosomes
peptidoglycan
folic acid
what drug targets the genome?
metronidazole
what drug targets the ribosomes?
tetracyclin
what drug targets peptidoglycan?
penicillin
what drug targets folic acid?
sulfonamides ex. sulfadoxine
strepto
chain
staphylo
clusters
diplo
pairs
tetrad
4 or 8 cube
pallisade
side by side like a fence
v-shaped arrangement
v’s but rods only
cell membrane composition and function
phospholipid bilayer; entry/exit; no sterols
function of cytoplasm
solvent for chemical reactions
bacterial enzymes needed to use DNA
topoisomerase, DNA gyrase
what region is the genome found in?
nucleoid
what makes up ribosomes?
rRNA and polypeptides
ribosome function
protein production
ribosome size
70s
eukaryote size
80s
cell wall is composed of…
peptidoglycan
what are the two sugars that make up peptidoglycan?
NAG NAM
how are NAG NAM held together?
tetrapeptides
what is the function of the cell wall?
stop cell from bursting in hypotonic environment
How do “cillin” drugs affect peptidoglycan?
breaks cross linkages and water rushes in
what is lipid A and how is it realeased?
endotoxin; released when gram (-) bacteria die
what is an f plasmid
fertility plasmid
what is an r plasmid
resistance plasmid
function of f plasmid
to pass on DNA instructions to make sex pili
3 ways that r plasmid provides antibiotic resistance
1- efflux pump- pumps drug out too fast
2- enzymes break down drug
3- altering enzymes change shape or active site and drug cannot work
what is a virulence plasmid and what is another name for it?
toxin plasmis; t plasmids
function of t plasmids
produce toxins that attack the host body
function of bacteriocin plasmids
kill other bacteria because of competition
functions of sex pili
lay down cytoplasmic bridge so DNA can be transferred
function of fimbrae:
stick to surfaces
what are fimbrae made of?
pilin protein
what do counterclockwise flagella do?
run
what do clockwise flagella do?
tumble
what are flagella powered by?
proton pump
which bacteria is not mobile?
cocci
taxis definition
bacteria change behavior based on stimuli
how do flagella react to positive stimulua
longer run
lophotrichous
many flagella from one spot
monotrichous
one flagella
peritrichous
flagella all around
amphitrichous
one/many flagella on each polar end
what is folic acid needed for?
nucleotide production
slime layer appearance
loose fluffy
capsule appearance
dense thick layer
4 ways glycocalyx increase pathogenicity
1- neutralize drugs
2- delay/fool immunce response
3- stick to surfaces
4- avoid phagocytosis
2 ways that glycocalyx help with survival
1- nutrient source
2- storage of waste
mycoplasma
walking pnemonia - NO cell wall, isotonic solution only
rickettsia and chlamydia
rocky mtn fever- NEEDS HOST CELL
spirochaetes
lyme disease, syphilis - huge spiral cells- corkscrew
archae
1- ancient
2 - protein instead of peptidoglycan
3 - produce methane
whos “father of microbio” and when?
leeuwenhoke - 1673
where does rickettsia live?
lice fleas ticks
