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Prerequisites > lecture test 1 > Flashcards

lecture test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who coined the term “cell”?

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

How did the Janssen brothers make the first microscope?

A

Turned a telescope upside down and sold it

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3
Q

What is Micrographia

A

Hooke’s book of microscopic drawings

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4
Q

Who had the most powerful microscope in the late 1600’s to early 1700’s?

A

Leeowenhoek

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5
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek look at?

A

Pond water, feces, tooth scrapings, semen

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6
Q

What was Leeuwenhoek the first to describe?

A

animalcules AKA living stuff moving around (bacteria, protozoa, molds)

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7
Q

What discoveries to come to a halt for 100 years?

A

Leeuwenhoak was secretive and did not tell anyone how to make the microscope or how to focus it.

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8
Q

What is Spontaneous Generation?

A

Living creatures can arise from a non-living component.

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9
Q

What are the Theories of Disease?

A

Curses from witches
Inheritance
Punishments for sins
Miasma
Germs (later)

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10
Q

What controversy did Redi settle?

A

Spontaneous Generation

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11
Q

When did Redi’s Meat/Maggot experiment take place?

A

1670’s

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12
Q

What was the significance of the Meat/Maggot experiment?

A

1- Disproved Spontaeous Generation
2- Developed experimental method

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13
Q

What experiment was Jenner known for and when did it take place?

A

Smallpox experiments in 1796

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14
Q

What were Jenners two observations?

A

1- Cowpox gave immunity to small pox (milk maids)
2- Small pox parties (variolation) gave immunity

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15
Q

What did Jenner develope?

A

The first vaccination against small pox using pus from cowpox

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16
Q

What did Semmelweiss create and when?

A

Asepsis 1847

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17
Q

What measurements did Semmelweiss implement?

A

Lime water for disinfection, washing hands after dealing with cadavers.

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18
Q

Who did Lister get his ideas from?

A

Semmelweiss

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19
Q

What did Lister create and when?

A

Aseptic Surgery 1850

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20
Q

What did Lister implement in surgery?

A

Disinfection of air and wounds, heat sterilization

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21
Q

What were Pastures wine results?

A

1- microorganisms metabolise (eat and poo)
2- if microorganisms make wine sick then they can make people sick too
3- microorganisms do not spontaneously generate

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22
Q

Which of Pastures experiments ended spontaneous generation?

A

S-Flask experiments

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23
Q

When was Pastures wine experiment and when was S-flask?

A

wine- 1857
S-flask- 1865

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24
Q

When were Kochs anthrax experiments?

A

1875

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25
Q

Kochs 4 postulates:

A

1- Isolate pathogen and spread on agar surface and compare w healthy animal
2- Grow isolatedd pathogen
3- introduce it to healthy animal and see if they have the same symptoms
4- get same pathogen from newly sick animal

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26
Q

What did Koch prove?

A

Theory of disease

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27
Q

Why were Kochs experiments important?

A

Use his postulates today and his techniques (petri dishes, agar, staining)

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28
Q

When did Pasteurs Attenuation experiment take place?

A

1880

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29
Q

What is attenuation?

A

a weakened pathogen will give people immunity

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30
Q

How did Pasture weaken the pathogen?

A

aging, weak acid, passage through animals, drying it.

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31
Q

What did Fleming do?

A

Isolated first antibiotic penicillin.

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32
Q

what are the 4 drug targets?

A

genome
ribosomes
peptidoglycan
folic acid

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33
Q

what drug targets the genome?

A

metronidazole

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34
Q

what drug targets the ribosomes?

A

tetracyclin

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35
Q

what drug targets peptidoglycan?

A

penicillin

36
Q

what drug targets folic acid?

A

sulfonamides ex. sulfadoxine

37
Q

strepto

A

chain

38
Q

staphylo

A

clusters

39
Q

diplo

A

pairs

40
Q

tetrad

A

4 or 8 cube

41
Q

pallisade

A

side by side like a fence

42
Q

v-shaped arrangement

A

v’s but rods only

43
Q

cell membrane composition and function

A

phospholipid bilayer; entry/exit; no sterols

44
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

solvent for chemical reactions

45
Q

bacterial enzymes needed to use DNA

A

topoisomerase, DNA gyrase

46
Q

what region is the genome found in?

A

nucleoid

47
Q

what makes up ribosomes?

A

rRNA and polypeptides

48
Q

ribosome function

A

protein production

49
Q

ribosome size

A

70s

50
Q

eukaryote size

A

80s

51
Q

cell wall is composed of…

A

peptidoglycan

52
Q

what are the two sugars that make up peptidoglycan?

A

NAG NAM

53
Q

how are NAG NAM held together?

A

tetrapeptides

54
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A

stop cell from bursting in hypotonic environment

55
Q

How do “cillin” drugs affect peptidoglycan?

A

breaks cross linkages and water rushes in

56
Q

what is lipid A and how is it realeased?

A

endotoxin; released when gram (-) bacteria die

56
Q

what is an f plasmid

A

fertility plasmid

56
Q

what is an r plasmid

A

resistance plasmid

56
Q

function of f plasmid

A

to pass on DNA instructions to make sex pili

57
Q

3 ways that r plasmid provides antibiotic resistance

A

1- efflux pump- pumps drug out too fast
2- enzymes break down drug
3- altering enzymes change shape or active site and drug cannot work

58
Q

what is a virulence plasmid and what is another name for it?

A

toxin plasmis; t plasmids

59
Q

function of t plasmids

A

produce toxins that attack the host body

60
Q

function of bacteriocin plasmids

A

kill other bacteria because of competition

61
Q

functions of sex pili

A

lay down cytoplasmic bridge so DNA can be transferred

62
Q

function of fimbrae:

A

stick to surfaces

63
Q

what are fimbrae made of?

A

pilin protein

64
Q

what do counterclockwise flagella do?

A

run

65
Q

what do clockwise flagella do?

A

tumble

66
Q

what are flagella powered by?

A

proton pump

67
Q

which bacteria is not mobile?

A

cocci

68
Q

taxis definition

A

bacteria change behavior based on stimuli

69
Q

how do flagella react to positive stimulua

A

longer run

70
Q

lophotrichous

A

many flagella from one spot

71
Q

monotrichous

A

one flagella

72
Q

peritrichous

A

flagella all around

73
Q

amphitrichous

A

one/many flagella on each polar end

74
Q

what is folic acid needed for?

A

nucleotide production

75
Q

slime layer appearance

A

loose fluffy

76
Q

capsule appearance

A

dense thick layer

77
Q

4 ways glycocalyx increase pathogenicity

A

1- neutralize drugs
2- delay/fool immunce response
3- stick to surfaces
4- avoid phagocytosis

78
Q

2 ways that glycocalyx help with survival

A

1- nutrient source
2- storage of waste

79
Q

mycoplasma

A

walking pnemonia - NO cell wall, isotonic solution only

80
Q

rickettsia and chlamydia

A

rocky mtn fever- NEEDS HOST CELL

81
Q

spirochaetes

A

lyme disease, syphilis - huge spiral cells- corkscrew

82
Q

archae

A

1- ancient
2 - protein instead of peptidoglycan
3 - produce methane

83
Q

whos “father of microbio” and when?

A

leeuwenhoke - 1673

84
Q

where does rickettsia live?

A

lice fleas ticks

Prerequisites (8 decks)

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