MICROBIO Flashcards
Congenital Parasites infected human
A. Entamoeba histolytica
B. Giardia Lamblia
C. Trypanosoma sp.
D. Plasmodium Malaria
E. Toxoplasma Gondii
Toxoplasma Gondii
A trophozoite of Entamoeba histolytica usually contains
A. Eccentrically located endosome in the nucleus
B. A coarse, granular, blunt pseudopod
C. Bacteria and coarse granules in the cytoplasm
D. Red blood cells in the cytoplasm
Red blood cells in the cytoplasm
Gram Positive stained more easy than gram Negative because
A. Gram - cell wall is thin while gram + is thick
B. Gram + cell wall is thin while gram - is thick
C. Gram - cell wall contain more peptidoglycan
D. All
A. Gram - cell wall is thin while gram + is thick
gram + bacteria have a thick mesh-like cell wall made of peptidoglycan (50-90% of cell envelope). and as a result are stained purple by crystal violet. whereas gram - bacteria have a thinner layer (10% of cell envelope). so do not retain the purple stain and are counter-stained pink by safranin.
MacConkey Agar
is used for the isolation of gram-negative enteric bacteria and the differentiation of lactose fermenting from lactose non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria.
Wuchereria Bancrofti diagnose:
A. Microscopic examination of blood smears
B. Microscopic examination of concentrated urine
C. Microscopic examination of stool smear
D. Microscopic examination of blood or urine smears
Microscopic examination of blood or urine smears
Biochemical test is rapidly and simply performed to detect strepto-pyogenes and enterococcus
A. PYR
B. Coagulase
C. Citrate
D. Bile solubility
E. Indole
PYR
The cause of sleeping sickness:
A. Trypanosoma gambiense
B. Trypanosoma cruzi
C. Trypanosoma rhodesiense
D. a & c
a & c
Bacteriological culture media are generally sterilized by:
A. The autoclave
B. The oven
C. Filtration
D. Bunsen burner
The autoclave
Eating poorly cooked pork can lead to an infection with:
A. Taenia solium and Trichinella spiralis
B. Taenia saginata and Hymenolepis nana
C. Trichuris trichiura and Hymenolepis diminuta
D. Diphyllonothrium latum and Ascaris lumbricoides
Taenia solium and Trichinella spiralis
both Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and Trichinella spiralis can be acquired from the ingestion of raw or poorly cooked pork.
When to collect blood for malaria blood should be collected?
A. As soon as malaria is suspected
B. Before the patient receive anti-malarial drug
C. A&B
D. After symptoms appear
E. After rising in temperature
A & B
Plasmodium will transfer by:
A. Mosquito
B. Fly
C. Mite
D. All of the above
Mosquito
The infective stage of the hookworm is the
A. Filariform
larva with a pointed tail
B. Rhabditiform larva with a long buccal cavity
C. Rhabditiform larva with a short buccal cavity
D. Filariform larva with a notched tail
Filariform
larva with a pointed tail
Most belong to the families Enterobacteriaceae or Pseudomonidaceae
A. Spore forming bacteria
B. Non-spore forming bacteria
Non-spore forming bacteria
Which of the following produce by Staph. aureus & not produced by other Staph?
A. DNA produce
B. Coagulase
C. Catalase
D. Urease
Coagulase
Anti-Lea can react with:
A. Le (a+b+) cells
B. Le (a-b-) cells
C. Le (a+b-) cells
D. Le (a-b+) cells
Le (a+b+) cells
Le (a+b-) cells
A metazoan, Loss of parasitic cytoplasmic microtubules causing impaired glucose uptake
Albendazole
Inhibitor of arachidonic acid for microfilariae
Diethylcarbamazine
Increase calcium entry to worms causing contraction
Praziquantel
Reduced forms serve as parasitic nuclei acid inhibitor
Metronidazole
Generation of highly active radical (heme, free radicals)
Artemeter
Infective stage of taenia spp.
Cysticercosis
Inhalation (embryonated egg)
Hammer shaped hooks
Railletina spp. Scolex
Humans can be any of the following in regards to taenia solium infection
A. Definitive
B. Intermediate
C. Both
D. Neither
Both
How many Larval stages of clonorchis that can be seen in snail
Miracidia
Sporocyst
Redia
Cercaria
Smallest entameba
No chromatoidal bodies and no peripheral chromatin
Endolimax Nana
Basket shape nucleus
Iodameoba butschlii
Resemble Trojan horse 🐴
Harbors other pathogen
Acanthamoeba
Cyst has a double walled refractile
Can be seen in formed and watery stools
Neobalantidium coli
Most common method for treating infection waste.
Safest method to ensure ni infective materials remain.
Incineration
Resistant to QUATS: Benzalkonium chloride
P. Aeruginosa
For disinfecting lab sink
Sodium hypochlorite
Contact time of Betadine (alcohol & iodine)
1-2 mins.
Filtration size of most bacteria, yeasts, and molds but not pseudomonas like organism.
0.45-0.80
Filtration size for parenteral solutions, pore size most widely used for sterilization.
0.22 / 0.2
HEPA filter remove organism
> 0.3 um
Biological indicator for moist heat
B. Stearothermophilus
Biological indicator for Dry heat
B. Subtilis var Niger
Biological indicator for Ethylene oxide
B. Subtilis
70% recirculated to the cabinet work area through HEPA; 30% balance can be exhausted through HEPA back into the room or to outside through a canopy unit
II, AI
30% recirculated. 70% exhausted.
II, B1
No recirculation. Total exhaust to the outside through a HEPA filter.
I, B2
Bas 100 of intake air velocity and plenums ate under negative pressure to Room; exhaust air can be ducted to the outside through a canopy unit.
Filter toxic Chem and radionucleotides
A2/B3
Transport medium for stool
Buffered glycerol saline
Cary Blair
Stool to preservative ratio
1:3
Anaerobe must be transported with anaerobic transport system
PRAS
Prereduced anaerobically sterilized transport medium
Distinguish gram (+) from gram (+)
Decolorizer
Stains bacteria whose cell wall contain long chain fatty (mycolic) acids
Acid Fast Stain
Fluorescent stain for mycolic acid
Has potassium permanganate as counterstain
Result: yellow against dark background
Auramine Rhodamine stain
Binds specifically to cellulose and chitin, detects yeast and hyphae
Calcofluor white
Used to stain the cell walls of medically important fungi grown in slide culture
Lactophenol cotton blue
Stain for Rickettsia
Gimenez
Macchiavelo
Stain for Spirochetes
Levaditi
Silver impregmentation
Fontana tribondeau
Stain for C.trachomatus inclusion bodies
Papanicolaou
Iodine
Stain for Mycoplasma
Methylene & Dienes
To optimize visualization
The extent to which Detail in the magnified objrct is maintained
Resolution
Designed to provide maximum illumination and Resolution when observing images
Kholer illumination
Contain specific nutrients required to enhance the growth of particular bacterial pathogens from a mixture of organisms
Enrichment
Contains nutrient that support growth of most nonfastiduous organism without giving any particular organism a growth advantage
Nutritive
Support media
Contain one or more agents that are inhibitory to all organism except those selected by the specific growth condition or chemical
Selective
Allows colonies of one bacterial species or type to exhibit certain metabolic or culture characteristics that can be used to distinguish it from other bacteria growing on the same plate
Differential
Differential isolation and presumptive identification of group D streptococci and enterococci
Bile esculin agar (BEA)
Cultivation of nonfastiduous microorganisms, determination of hemolytic reactions
W/ Trypticase soy agar, Brucella agar, or beef heart infusion w/ 5% sheep blood
Blood agar
Enrichment for Legionella spp. Supports the growth of Francis Ella and Nocardia spp.
Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract Agar (BCYE)
Enrichment and selection for Legionella spp.
Supplemented with polymyxin B, Vancomycin, and ansamycin to inhibit gram negative bacteria
Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract Agar with antibiotic
Selective for Yersinia spp. May be useful for isolation of Aeromonas spp.
Neutral red and crystal violate indicator
Cefsulodin Irgasan Novobiocin
(CIN)
“CIN YA’
Cultivation of fastidious microorganism such as Haemophilus spp. Brucella spp. and pathogenic Neisseria spp.
Peptone base, enriched with solution of 2% hemoglobin or IsoVitaleX (BBL)
Chocolate agar
Selective isolation of gram positive cocci
Columbia cilistin nalidixic acid (CNA)
Isolation and differentiation of Lactose fermenting and non lactose fermenting enteric bacilli
Eosin Y and Methylene blue as indicator
Eosin Methylene blue agar (EMB)
Differential, selective medium for the isolation and differentiation of Salmonella and Shigella spp. From other gram negative enteric bacilli
Bromthymol blue and acid fuschin indicator
Hektoen Enteric Agar (HE)
Isolation and growth of corynebacterium
Loeffler’s medium
Isolation and differentiation of Lactose fermenting and non lactose fermenting enteric bacilli
Gram (+) organisms inhibited by crystal violet and bile salts; neutral red as indicator
MacConkey agar
For the selection and differentiation of E. Coli O157:H7 in stool specimens
MacConkey sorbitol agar
Selective differentiation of staphylococci.
Peptone base, mannitol, and phenol red indicator; salt concentration of 7.5% inhibits most bacteria
Mannitol salt agar
Selective for Neisseria gonorrhoeae; also supports the growth of Ureaplasma urealyticum and some Mycoplasma spp.
New York City agar (NYC)
Selective isolation of aerobic gram (+) cocci and bacilli, and anaerobic gram (+) cocci, and negative bacilli
Phenylmethanol inhibits growth of gram (-) organism
Phenylethyl alcohol agar (PEA)
Enrichment and selective medium for isolation of Bordetella pertussis
Regan Lowe
Selective for Campylobacter and Helicobacter spp.
Schaedler agar
Selective for Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcal Selective Agar (SSA)
Selective for Salmonella and Shigella spp. Except S. Typhi
Tetrathionate broth
Selective for N. Gonorrhoeae and N.meningitidis. Supports the growth of Francisella and Brucella spp.
Thayer Martin Agar
Selective and differential for Vibrio spp.
Bromthymol blue acts as indicator
Thiosulfate citrate bike salts (TCBS)
Selection and enrichment for Streptococcus agalactiae in female genital specimens
Todd Hewitt broth Supplemented with antibiotics (LIM)
Incubation or Growth temp of bacterial culture
35-37*C
Gram (+) susceptibility to antimicrobial agent
Vancomycin
Gram (-) susceptibility to antimicrobial agent
Colistin or polymyxin
Inhibit protein synthesis by binding 30S ribosomal subunit
Aminoglycosides
Glycylglycine
Tetracycline
Inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding enzymes involved in peptidoglycan production (i.e., penicillin binding protein)
This drug class comprises the largest group of antibacterial agents, bactericidal action and lack of toxicity to humans and their molecular structures can be manipulated
B-lactams
Inhibit protein synthesis by binding 50S ribosomal subunit
Chloramphenicol
Ketolides
Inhibit DNA synthesis by binding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
Fluoroquinolones
Binding and disruption of cell membrane
Gram (+) including those resistant to b-lactams and glycopeptides
Lipopeptides
Bind to 50S ribosomal subunit to interfere with initiation of protein synthesis
Oxazolidinones
Disruption of cell membrane
Polymyxin
Inhibits RNA synthesis by binding DNA dependent, RNA polymerase
Rifampin
Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to two separate site on the 50S ribosomal subunit
Streptogramins
Interfere with folic acid pathway by binding the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase
Sulfonamides
Depth of agar in disk
4 mm
0.5 McFarland turbidity standard
1.5x10^8 CFU/mL
Within 15 minutes of inoculation, the antimicrobial disks are applied and the plates are _________ for incubation to prevent the accumulation of __________ on the agar surface.
Inverted, Moisture
Disk are only held up for _____ week in refrigerator temp
One
Disk distance
15 mm
Antibiotic dusk
6mm
The highest concentration is _______ to the disk
Closest / Center
<16 hrs. Incubation
>18 hrs. Incubation
> 15 mins. Before disk application
<15 mins. Before incubation
15 mins. Before incubation
False Susceptible / Large zone of inhibition
False Resistance / Small zone of inhibition
False Resistance
False Resistance
False Susceptible
Plate is examined to confirm that a _______ lawn of growth has been obtained.
Confluent (too many to count)
Plate are place a few inches above a black, non reflecting surface, and zone are examined from the ______ side of the plate illuminated with reflected light
Back
Hazes of Growth
- Swarming of Proteus is??
- When testing Sulfonamide and Trimethoprim as a result of the organism population going through several doubling generation before inhibition /slight growth in the ZOI??
- Hazes outside of #1 and #2
- Staphylococci and Enterococci haze
- Ignore
- Ignore
- Should not be Ignored
- Use transmitted light
Color if B-lactam ring is broken
Red
Motility
L. Monocytogenes
Y. Enterocilitica
Y. Pseudotuberculosis
Campylobacter
Capnocytophaga
Leptospira
Treponema pallidum
Spirochetes
Tumbling Motile at 25C
Motile at 25C
Motile at 18-22*C
Darting Motility
Gliding Motility
Spinning Motility
Flexing / Graceful
Corkscrew Motility
Fermentation ATP for slow growth
Repiration ATP for Fast growth
2 ATP slow growth
36 ATP Fast growth
Catalase convert H202 to H20
Bubbles / Effervescence
Gamma hemolysin associated to S.aureus
Panton Valentin Leukocidin
30-50% of all S.aureus strains are capable of producing one of eight distinct serologic types of a heat _____ enterotoxin. The enterotoxin are resistant to hydrolysis by the gastric and intestinal enzymes. The toxin, which are often found in _______ product, are associated with pseudomembranous ___________ and _________ shock syndrome, and they may exacerbate the normal immune response, resulting in further tissue damage and systemic Pathology
Stable
Milk
Enterocolitis
Toxic
Codes and Gold standard for MRSA ID
mecA gene
Most common treatment for MRSA
Vancomycin
Optochin (+)
Reagent: Ethyl hydrocupreine hydrochloride
Taxo P susceptibility
S. Pneumoniae
A suspension of S.pneumoniae in a solution _________ lyses, and the solution becomes ________
Deoxycholate
Clear
Oxidase (+): Purple
Reagent: 1% dimethyl-p- phenylenediamine dihydrochloride or tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride
Procedure:
1. Drop the reagent
2. Rub the colony on the paper + drop the rgt
3. Rub the colony on the paper w/ rgt
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram (-) nonfermenter
Hockey Puck & wagon wheel appearance
Otitis media
DNAase and butyrate esterase: (+) clear
Moraxella catarrhalis
Microscopy: Coccobacillus and Gram VARIABLE
Optimal growth: 30-35C / 0.5-45C
COLD ENRICHMENT (4*C)
Tumbling Motility
Umbrella / Inverted Christmas tree Motility
Voge Proskauer (+)
Methyl Red (+)
Ocular Anton: (+) purulent conjunctivitis
Listeria Monocytogenes
Palisading (V & L)
Chinese letter / Dumbell / Picket Fence
Methylene blue: Metachromatic granules (babes Ernst)
Catalase (+); Nonmotile
Urease (-)
Schick test
C. Diphtheriae
Kleb loeffler’s bacillus
Red dse, Thread dse, Diamond Butcher dse
Catalase (-)
Hydrogen sulfide (+)
Nonmotile & nonhemolytic
Bottle brush, Test tube brush, Pipe cleaner @22*C
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Increase incidence among AIDS patient
Zigzag gram stain morphology
Rhodococcus equi
Largest bacilli
Discovered by KOCH
black eschar
Pulmonary: Woolsorter’s / Ragpicker dse
Scotland outbreak
PEA for stool: CDC recommended
Skin testb Ascoli
Inverted pine tree
Bacillus Anthracis
Primary purpose of egg yolk agar?
Determination of LECITHINASE production
Box car shape & subterminal spore
Nonmotile
Ferment carbs
Catalase (+)
3rd most common food poisoning
Lecithinase / alpha toxin (+)
Nagler (+)
Reverse camp (+)
Tx: hyperbaric chamber
C. Perfringes
Canned good bacillus
Subterminal spore
Botox for treating strabismus
B hemolysis
Lipase (+)
Lecithinase (-)
Indole (-)
Motile
C. Botulinum
Subterminal
Gelatin (+)
Lecithinase (+)
Lipase (-)
Indole (-)
Esculi (V)
Nitrate (V)
Nonmotile
C. Perfringens
Subterminal
Gelatin (+)
Lecithinase (-)
Lipase (+)
Indole (-)
Esculi (+)
Nitrate (-)
Motile
C. Botulinum
Terminal
Gelatin (+)
Lecithinase (-)
Lipase (-)
Indole (-)
Esculi (-)
Nitrate (-/+)
Motile
Tack head bacillus
Drum stick
Smooth swarming
B hemolysis
C. Tetani
Ova and Subterminal
Gelatin (+)
Lecithinase (-)
Lipase (-)
Indole (-)
Esculi (+)
Nitrate (-)
Motile
Antibiotic associated diarrhea
Banyard / horse stable odor
C. Difficile
Vacuum sealed slice bacon 🥓
Lactobacillus
Niacin (+) & Nitrate (+) mycobacterium
MTB
(M.tuberculosis, M.bovis, M.africanum, M.canettil, M.microti)
MTB is rapidly killed by exposure to ________ sunlight, if protected from sunlight it remains alive and infectious for up to ____ weeks (dried Saliva). Can withstand most disinfectants and often remain in it’s dormant state.
Direct, 10
Hansen dse
Tuberculous & Lepromatous leprosy
Footpad of armadillo / mouse
Cigar packet arrangements
Skin test: Mitsuda & Fernandez
M. Leprae
Sputum and bronchial aspirates for mycobacteria?
Early morning specimen, 3 days consecutive
Digestant (liquefy & Disinfect) for mycobacteria
N-Acetyl-L-cysteine
Both Digestant and decontaminant (liquefy & Disinfect) for mycobacteria
Benzalkonium chloride
Specific gravity of tubercle bacilli
0.79 - 1.07
What is the purpose of Crystal Violet in MacConkey agar?
Inhibits the growth of gram (+) bacteria
MALDI-TOF rapid confirmatory Matrix Assisted Lase Desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is an advance chemical technique that uses ______ excitation to ionize chemical functional groups that are included in the proteins of an organism
LASER
Porphyrin/D-ala positive bacteria
H. parainfluenzae
H. parahaemolyticus
H. paraphrohaemolyticus
