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Microbiology 2 > Microbial Pathogenesis > Flashcards

Microbial Pathogenesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ability of a pathogen to produce disease by overcoming the hosts defense

A

Pathogenicity

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2
Q

Degree of Pathogenicity

A

Virulence

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3
Q

Parts of the body with normal flora

A

skin, upper respiratory tract, oral cavity, intestine (specially large intestine), vaginal tract

Very little: eyes and stomach

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4
Q

Parts of the body with absent microflora

A 
Lower respiratory tract
Muscle tissue
Blood & Tissue fluids
Cerebrospinal fluid
Peritoneum
Pericardium
Meninges
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5
Q

Benefits of Normal Flora

A

Nutrient production & processing
Competition with pathogenic microbes
Normal development of the immune system

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6
Q

Portals of Entry of Pathogenic Microbes

A 
Respiratory tract
GI tract
Genitourinary tract
Conjunctiva
Skin
Parenteral route (tissues beneath skin)
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7
Q

What is ID50 and LD50?

A

Infectious dose for 50% of the test population

Lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population

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8
Q

ID50 of Botulinum?
Shiga toxin (E. coli) ?
Staph enterotoxin?

A

Botulinum - 0.03 mg/kg
Shiga toxin (E. coli) - 250 mg/kg
Staph enterotoxin - 1350 mg/kg

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9
Q

One of the most used element of microorganisms

A

Fe (iron)

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10
Q

Bacterial component used to resist host defense by impairing phagocytosis

A

Capsule

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11
Q

Used to disrupt neutrophil membrane, degenerates neutrophils

A

Leukocidin

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12
Q

Disrupt RBC membrane, liberates FE(iron)

A

Hemolysin

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13
Q

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin, causes isolation of microorganism from host defense

A

Coagulase

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14
Q

Converts Plasminogen to plasmin, digestion of fibrin clot

A

Bacterial Kinase

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15
Q

Degrades hyaluronic acid (helps to hold cell together)

A

Hyalurodinase

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16
Q

Degrades collagen frame work

A

Collagenase

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17
Q

Degrades lecithin

A

Lecithinase and Phospholipase

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18
Q

Degrades DNA in WBC, lowers viscosity of exudates makes microorganism spread easily

A

DNAses

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19
Q

Bacterial source of Exotoxin and Endotoxin

A

Exotoxin - Mostly Gram positive bacteria

Endotoxin - Gram negative bacteria

20
Q

Relationship of Exotoxin and Endotoxin to the bacteira

A

Exotoxin - metabolic growth product

Endotoxin - Present in LPS of outer membrane of cell wall

21
Q

Chemistry of Exotoxin and Endotoxin

A

Exotoxin - Protein or short peptide

Endotoxin - Lipid portion (Lipid A) of LPS of outer membrane

22
Q

Heat stability of Exotoxin and Endotoxin

A

Exotoxin - Unstable (destroyed at 60-80 C)

Endotoxin - Stable (Withstand autoclaving)

23
Q

Immunology of Exotoxin and Endotoxin

A

Exotoxin - Converted to toxoid

Endotoxin - Cant be used as toxoids

24
Q

Pharmacology of Exotoxin and Endotoxin

A

Exotoxin - Specific for a particular cell structure or fnx in host

Endotoxin - General, such as fever, weakness, aches, shock

25
Q

Lethal dose of Exotoxin and Endotoxin

A

Exotoxin - Small

Endotoxin - Considerably Large

26
Q

Representative Disease of Exotoxin and Endotoxin

A

Exotoxin - gas gangrene, tetanus, botulinum

Endotoxin - Typhoid fever, UTI, meningitis

27
Q

Types of Exotoxin

A

Cytotoxin
Neurotoxin
Enterotoxin

28
Q

Exotoxin: Superantigens or type I toxins

A

Membrane acting
Non specifically stimulate T cells
Cause an intense immune response due to release of cytokines from host cells
Fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, death (multiorgan failure)

29
Q

Exotoxin: Membrane-disrupting toxins or type II toxins

A

Destroys cell integrity
Lye host’s cell by making pore forming protein channels (Channel Forming Toxin CFT) in the plasma membrane
and disrupt phospholipid bilayer
RTX-repeats in toxin

30
Q

Exotoxin: A-B toxin or type III toxins

A

Active in cell

Bind to cell and is translocated

31
Q

Endotoxins does not promote production of anibodies:

True or False

A

True

32
Q

Part of the body, that endotoxin targets, that regulates the body temperature

A

Hypothalamus of the brain

33
Q

Life threating loss of blood caused by endotoxins

A

Septic Schock

34
Q

Portals of Exit of Pathogenic Microbes

A

Respiratory tract: Cough and Sneezing
GI tract: Feces and saliva
Genitourinary tract: urine and vaginal secretions
Skin
Blood: Biting arthropods and needles of syringe

35
Q

What are the fates of infecting microorganisms

A
  1. Destroyed by immune system
  2. Eliminated in the secretions and excretions
  3. Destroyed within the carcass
  4. Organism and host reach an impasse
36
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Resistance

A
  1. Production of enzymes against antibiotics
  2. Change in permeability or decrease uptake of drug
  3. Increase pumping out of antibiotic
  4. Alteration of structural target of the drug
  5. Bypass by alternative metabolic pathway
37
Q

Major mechanisms by which resistance is acquired

A
  1. Genetic exchange

2. Mutation

38
Q

Types of Genetic exchange

A
  1. Conjugation
  2. Transduction
  3. Transformation
39
Q

DNA transfer between bacteria requiring a sex pilus

A

Conjugation

40
Q

A small, circular, double-stranded, self replicating molecule ring of DNA in some bacteria

A

Plasmid

41
Q

DNA sequence that can move from one chromosomal site to another, jumping gene

A

Transposon (Transposable Genetic Element)

42
Q

Gene transfer from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophange

A

Transduction

43
Q

Occurs when random pieces of host cell DNA are packaged within a phange capsid during the lytic cycle of a phange

A

generalized transduction

44
Q

Transduced bacterial genes are restricted to specific genes adjacent to the prophange insertion site

A

Specialized transduction (restricted transduction)

45
Q

Occurs when free chromosomal DNA (from bacterial cell lysis) is inserted directly into another bacterial cell

A

Transformation

46
Q

Difference in chromosomal and plasmid resistance

A

Chromosomal resistance - change in cell structure

Plasmid resistance - encoded, synthesis proteins

Microbiology 2 (6 decks)

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