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Microbiology Lecture Exam #2 > Microbial Metabolism > Flashcards

Microbial Metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism

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2
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A

Anabolism and Catabolism

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3
Q

What biosynthesis reaction is found in anabolism? What does it require?

A

Building; it requires energy (endergonic)

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4
Q

Catabolism is a _____ reaction meaning it ________ down. It is ____ so it_____ energy.

A

Degrative reaction, breaks, exergonic, releases

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5
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

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6
Q

Enzymes ____ the activation energy.

A

Reduce

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7
Q

Enzymes are ___ specific.

A

Substrate

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8
Q

What do biological catalysts do?

A

Speed up chemical reactions without getting used up

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9
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur

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10
Q

Specific substrates are built on a lock and key mechanism. Enzymes are the ___ while the substrates are the____.

A

Locks, keys

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11
Q

What is the process of how enzymes work?

A
  1. Substrate contacts the active site of the enzyme 2. Enzyme-substrate complex forms 3. substrate is transformed, broken down or compounded 4. transformed substrates (products) released 5. unchanged enzyme free to interact with other substrates
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12
Q

What is the active site?

A

where substrate binds

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13
Q

What is the allosteric site?

A

where other molecules (other than a substrate) attach

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14
Q

What are simple enzymes?

A

proteins with catalytic activity

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15
Q

What are holoenzymes?

A

conjugated enzymes

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16
Q

What is the protein portion of holoenzymes?

A

apoenzyme

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17
Q

What are the non-protein portions of holoenzymes?

A

cofactor and coenzyme

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18
Q

What are cofactors and examples?

A

inorganic ions; iron, zinc, magnesium, calcium

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19
Q

What are coenzymes and examples?

A

organic molecules; vitamin derivatives (NAD+, FAD, CoEnzyme A)

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20
Q

Enzymes usually end in ____.

A

“ase”

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21
Q

What do enzymes describe in their name?

A

substrate

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22
Q

How are enzymes classified?

A

based on chemical reactions

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23
Q

What is oxidoreductase?

A

oxidation-reduction

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24
Q

What is transferase?

A

transfer of function groups

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25
Q

What is hydrolase?

A

hydrolysis

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26
Q

What is Lyase?

A

removal of atoms without hydrolysis

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27
Q

What is Isomerase?

A

rearrangement

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28
Q

What is Ligase?

A

going 2 molecules

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29
Q

Where do exoenzymes function?

A

outside of the cell

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30
Q

Where do endoenzymes function?

A

inside of the cell

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31
Q

When are constitutive enzymes produced?

A

They are produced at constant rates all the time

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32
Q

When are inducible enzymes produced?

A

They are produced only when substrates are present

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33
Q

What are the four factors influencing enzymatic activity?

A
  1. Temperature 2. pH 3. substrate concentration 4. inhibitors
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34
Q

Enzymes have an optimal temperature. What happens when the temperature is decreased?

A

increasing temperature increases the rate of collision and reaction, but too much heat will denature the enzyme

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35
Q

Enzymes have an optimal pH. What happens during extreme pH?

A

It will denature the enzyme

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36
Q

Increasing substrate increases activity until _____.

A

Saturation

37
Q

What is saturation?

A

When active sites get filled with substrate

38
Q

What are the two types of inhibitors?

A

Competitive and non-competitive

39
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

chemicals that mimic substrate and bind to active sites

40
Q

What is the result of competitive inhibitors?

A

slows down the enzyme’s interactions with the substrate

41
Q

What are two examples of competitive inhibitors?

A

penicillin, sulfanilamide

42
Q

What are non-competitive inhibitors?

A

chemicals that bind to allosteric sites or cofactors

43
Q

What is the result of non-competitive inhibitors?

A

changes shape of enzymes active site making them non-functional

44
Q

What are 2 examples of non-competitive inhibitors?

A

enzyme poison, i.e. cyanine and fluoride

45
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

concentration of end product of a pathway regulates activity of the first enzyme

46
Q

What are the steps of feedback inhibition?

A
  1. substrate converted to various intermediates 2. intermediates converted to end products 3. end of products in excess, will bind to allosteric site of first enzyme 4. first enzyme is now activated 5. as end products are used up, first enzyme is reactivated
47
Q

What are redox reactions?

A

coupled oxidation and reduction reactions

48
Q

What is oxidation?

A

removal (loss) of electrons from a molecule

49
Q

What is reduction?

A

addition (gain) of electrons to a molecule

50
Q

What are the three characteristics of ATP?

A
  1. energy currency of cells 2. stores energy to 2 high energy bonds 3. when bonds are broken, energy is released
51
Q

What is the generation of ATP?

A

ADP is phosphorylated which means phosphate group attaches in a high energy bond

52
Q

What are the three types of phosphorylation?

A
  1. substrate level phosphorylation 2. photophosphorylation 3. oxidative phosphorylation
53
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

high energy phosphate from a substrate is directly transferred to ADP

54
Q

In what cells does photophosphorylation happen?

A

only in photosynthetic cells

55
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

convert light energy to chemical energy ATP

56
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen?

A

in the electron transport system

57
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

electrons are passed through carriers to O2.

58
Q

What are electron carriers?

A

coenzymes that accept electrons during chemical reactions. They drop off electrons at the ETS

59
Q

What are two examples of electron carriers?

A

Nicatinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

60
Q

Nicatinamide adeninine dinucleotide

oxidized (Empty): ___
reduced (fully):____

A

Oxidized: NAD+
Reduced: NADH

61
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Oxidized (empty):_____
Reduced (fully):_____

A

Oxidized: FAD
Reduced: FADH2

62
Q

What is carbohydrate catabolism?

A

microbes oxidize carbohydrates as a primary source of energy

63
Q

What is the most common source of carbohydrate catabolism?

A

glucose

64
Q

What are the two ways energy an be obtained?

A

respiration and fermentation

65
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and Anaerobic

66
Q

What is the energy math during glycolysis?

A

2 NADH= 6 ATP and 2 ATP= 2 ATP

67
Q

What is the energy math during transition reaction?

A

2 NADH= 6 ATP

68
Q

What is the energy math Krebs Cycle?

A

2 ATP= 2 ATP, 6 NADH= 18 ATP, 2 FADH+ = 4 ATP

69
Q

How many ATP are produced during aerobic respiration for prokaryotes? Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes= 38 ATP; Eukaryotes= 36 ATP

70
Q

What 3 differences happen in anaerobic respiration than in aerobic respiration?

A
  1. oxygen is not the final electron acceptor 2. not all carriers participate in ETS 3. ATP yield is not as high
71
Q

What are three examples of anaerobic respiration?

A

Nitrate –> Nitrite
Sulfate –> Hydrogen Sulfide
Carbonate–> Methane

72
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of fermentation?

A
  1. anaerobic 2. substrate level phosphorylation 3. no Krebs cycle or ETS 4. Organic molecule as final electron acceptor 5. Produces 2 ATP (from glycolysis)
73
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A
  1. Lactic Acid Fermentation 2. Alcohol Fermentation
74
Q

What is the final electron acceptor during lactic acid fermentation?

A

pyruvic acid

75
Q

What is the end product during lactic acid fermentation?

A

Lactic acid

76
Q

What two organisms are used during lactic acid fermentation?

A

Streptococcus, Lactobacillus

77
Q

What does homolactic mean?

A

only produce lactic acid

78
Q

What does heterolactic mean?

A

produce lactic acid and other acids or alcohols

79
Q

What is the final electron acceptor during alcohol fermentation?

A

acetaldehyde

80
Q

What are the end products during alcohol fermentation?

A

ethanol and CO2

81
Q

What organism is used during alcohol fermentation?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

82
Q

What is lipid catabolism?

A

lipases break down lipids to glycerol and fatty acids

83
Q

What process breaks down glycerol?

A

glycolysis

84
Q

How are fatty acids broken down?

A

beta oxidation –> Acetyl CoA –> Krebs cycle

85
Q

What is protein catabolism?

A

proteases break down proteins to amino acids

86
Q

How are amino acids converted?

A

Deamincation and Decarboxylation

87
Q

What is deamination?

A

Removal of amino group

88
Q

What is Decarboxylation?

A

removal of CO2

Microbiology Lecture Exam #2 (4 decks)

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