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Microbiology Lecture Exam #2 > Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Microbial Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two different requirements for microbial growth?

A

physical and chemical requirements

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2
Q

What are the three physical requirements for microbial growth?

A

temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

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3
Q

What is the minimum growth temperature?

A

lowest temperature an organism can grow

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4
Q

Want is the optimum growth temperature?

A

temperature at which an organism grows best

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5
Q

What is the maximum growth temperature?

A

highest temperature an organism can grow

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6
Q

What is the temperature range of a psychrophile?

A

15C or less

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7
Q

What is the temperature range of a psychotroph?

A

15-25C

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8
Q

What is the temperature range of a mesophile?

A

25-45C

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9
Q

What is the temperature range of a thermophile?

A

45-65C

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10
Q

What is the temperature range of a hyperthermophile?

A

80C or higher

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11
Q

What is pH?

A

acidity or alkalinity of a solution

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12
Q

What is the pH range of acidophiles?

A

pH below 6.5

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13
Q

What is the pH range of neutrophiles?

A

6.5-7.5

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14
Q

What is the pH range of alkalinophiles?

A

about 7.5

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15
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

pressure due to osmosis

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16
Q

What are the three types of environments?

A

hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic

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17
Q

In a hypotonic environment water moves ____ causing ___.

A

into the cell; lysis

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18
Q

In an isotonic environment water moves _____ resulting in ____.

A

both in and out of the cell equally; no change

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19
Q

In a hypertonic environment water moves ____ resulting in ____.

A

out of the cell; plasmolysis

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20
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

shrinking of cytoplasm

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21
Q

Where can facultative halophiles grow?

A

They can grow in 2-15% NaCl, but do not require it

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22
Q

What do obligate halophiles require?

A

9-30% NaCl

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23
Q

What is carbon?

A

the structural backbone of living matter

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24
Q

What is carbon required for?

A

synthesis of all organic compounds in a cell

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25
Q

What is nitrogen required for?

A

synthesis of protein and nucleic acids

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26
Q

What is sulfur required for?

A

synthesis of certain proteins

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27
Q

What is phosphorus required for?

A

synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids

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28
Q

What are trace elements required for?

A

certain enzymes to function (cofactor)

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29
Q

What are examples of trace elements?

A

minerals, iron, copper and zinc

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30
Q

What are organic growth factors?

A

organic compounds the organism cannot synthesize

31
Q

What are examples of organic growth factors?

A

vitamins, amino acids

32
Q

What does aerobic respiration require?

A

oxygen

33
Q

Aerobes use ____.

A

oxygen

34
Q

Anaerobes do not use _____.

A

oxygen

35
Q

Obligate aerobes require _____.

A

oxygen

36
Q

Microaerophiles prefer high ____ and low ___.

A

CO2, O2

37
Q

What percentage of CO2 to microaeropiles prefer?

A

5-10%

38
Q

Obligate anaerobes cannot tolerate the presence of ____.

A

Oxygen

39
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes……….

A

cannot use O2, but can tolerate it

40
Q

Faculative anaerobes …….

A

can grow with or without oxygen but prefer oxygen

41
Q

What is culture media?

A

nutrient suspension used to cultivate microbes

42
Q

What is liquid media considered?

A

a broth

43
Q

What does solid media contain?

A

agar

44
Q

What is agar?

A

a solidifying agent

45
Q

What are the two anaerobic growth methods?

A

reducing media and anaerobic jar

46
Q

What is reducing media?

A

media containing chemical reagents that remove O2.

47
Q

What is the use of reducing media?

A

culturing anaerobes in tubes, determining O2 requirement

48
Q

What is an example of reducing media?

A

Fluid Thiogycollate Medium (FTM)

49
Q

What is an anaerobic jar?

A

chamber containing chemicals that remove O2

50
Q

What is the use of an anaerobic jar?

A

culturing/isolating anaerobes on plates

51
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

binary fission

52
Q

What are the steps of binary fission?

A
  1. cell elongates, DNA is replicated 2. cell wall and membrane form septum 3. cells and DNA completely separate= 2 genetically identical daughters
53
Q

What are the four parts of the bacterial growth curve?

A
  1. lag phase 2. log/exponential growth phase 3. stationary phase 4. death/decline phase
54
Q

What is the lag phase?

A

adjustment to new environment, making new enzymes, not yet replicating

55
Q

What is the log/exponential growth phase?

A

metabolically active and reproducing exponentially

56
Q

What is the stationary phase?

A

replicating rate= death rate, nutrients low, waste high

57
Q

What is the death/decline phase?

A

waste becomes more toxic, death rate > replicating rate

58
Q

What is the generation time?

A

The time it takes for one cell to become two cells

59
Q

When can the generation time be calculated?

A

during the log phase

60
Q

What are the two types of unusual bacteria?

A
  1. Chlamydiae 2. Rickettsiae
61
Q

What are the two characteristics of Chlamydiae?

A

obligate intracellular parasites, Lack ATP machinery

62
Q

What are the two forms of Chlamydiae?

A

Elementary body and reticulate body

63
Q

What is the elementary body of Chlamydiae?

A

infective form; phagocytised by host

64
Q

What is the reticulate body of Chlamydiae?

A

reproducing form; replicated inside host using the hosts ATP

65
Q

What are the two characteristics of Rickettsiae?

A
  1. obligate intracellular parasites 2. extremely permeable cell membrane
66
Q

What do Rickettsiae bacteria do inside host cell?

A

replicates inside host cell using host rick cytoplasm

67
Q

What hosts do Rickettsiae bacteria infect?

A

humans and anthropoids (ticks, lice, fleas, mites)

68
Q

What is a direct measurement of growth and two examples?

A

cell and colony counts; counting chambers, plate counts

69
Q

What are indirect measurements of growth and three examples?

A

quantifying changes; turbidity, metabolic activity, dry weight

70
Q

What are counting chambers?

A

cells physically counted

71
Q

What are plate counts?

A
  1. culture serially diluted 2. plated on several plates 3. colonies counted to calculate CFU in original sample
72
Q

What is turbidity?

A

cloudiness indicate increased growth; spectrophotometer used to measure turbidity

73
Q

What is measure during metabolic activity?

A

metabolic product (acid or gas); the more product produced, the more bacteria present

74
Q

How is dry weight measured?

A

1.samples dehydrated 2. weighed to determine amount

Microbiology Lecture Exam #2 (4 decks)

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