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Microbiology Lecture Exam #2 > Microbial Growth > Flashcards

Microbial Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two different requirements for microbial growth?

A

physical and chemical requirements

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2
Q

What are the three physical requirements for microbial growth?

A

temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

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3
Q

What is the minimum growth temperature?

A

lowest temperature an organism can grow

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4
Q

Want is the optimum growth temperature?

A

temperature at which an organism grows best

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5
Q

What is the maximum growth temperature?

A

highest temperature an organism can grow

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6
Q

What is the temperature range of a psychrophile?

A

15C or less

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7
Q

What is the temperature range of a psychotroph?

A

15-25C

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8
Q

What is the temperature range of a mesophile?

A

25-45C

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9
Q

What is the temperature range of a thermophile?

A

45-65C

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10
Q

What is the temperature range of a hyperthermophile?

A

80C or higher

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11
Q

What is pH?

A

acidity or alkalinity of a solution

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12
Q

What is the pH range of acidophiles?

A

pH below 6.5

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13
Q

What is the pH range of neutrophiles?

A

6.5-7.5

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14
Q

What is the pH range of alkalinophiles?

A

about 7.5

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15
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

pressure due to osmosis

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16
Q

What are the three types of environments?

A

hypotonic, isotonic, hypertonic

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17
Q

In a hypotonic environment water moves ____ causing ___.

A

into the cell; lysis

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18
Q

In an isotonic environment water moves _____ resulting in ____.

A

both in and out of the cell equally; no change

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19
Q

In a hypertonic environment water moves ____ resulting in ____.

A

out of the cell; plasmolysis

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20
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

shrinking of cytoplasm

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21
Q

Where can facultative halophiles grow?

A

They can grow in 2-15% NaCl, but do not require it

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22
Q

What do obligate halophiles require?

A

9-30% NaCl

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23
Q

What is carbon?

A

the structural backbone of living matter

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24
Q

What is carbon required for?

A

synthesis of all organic compounds in a cell

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25
What is nitrogen required for?
synthesis of protein and nucleic acids
26
What is sulfur required for?
synthesis of certain proteins
27
What is phosphorus required for?
synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids
28
What are trace elements required for?
certain enzymes to function (cofactor)
29
What are examples of trace elements?
minerals, iron, copper and zinc
30
What are organic growth factors?
organic compounds the organism cannot synthesize
31
What are examples of organic growth factors?
vitamins, amino acids
32
What does aerobic respiration require?
oxygen
33
Aerobes use ____.
oxygen
34
Anaerobes do not use _____.
oxygen
35
Obligate aerobes require _____.
oxygen
36
Microaerophiles prefer high ____ and low ___.
CO2, O2
37
What percentage of CO2 to microaeropiles prefer?
5-10%
38
Obligate anaerobes cannot tolerate the presence of ____.
Oxygen
39
Aerotolerant anaerobes..........
cannot use O2, but can tolerate it
40
Faculative anaerobes .......
can grow with or without oxygen but prefer oxygen
41
What is culture media?
nutrient suspension used to cultivate microbes
42
What is liquid media considered?
a broth
43
What does solid media contain?
agar
44
What is agar?
a solidifying agent
45
What are the two anaerobic growth methods?
reducing media and anaerobic jar
46
What is reducing media?
media containing chemical reagents that remove O2.
47
What is the use of reducing media?
culturing anaerobes in tubes, determining O2 requirement
48
What is an example of reducing media?
Fluid Thiogycollate Medium (FTM)
49
What is an anaerobic jar?
chamber containing chemicals that remove O2
50
What is the use of an anaerobic jar?
culturing/isolating anaerobes on plates
51
How do bacteria reproduce?
binary fission
52
What are the steps of binary fission?
1. cell elongates, DNA is replicated 2. cell wall and membrane form septum 3. cells and DNA completely separate= 2 genetically identical daughters
53
What are the four parts of the bacterial growth curve?
1. lag phase 2. log/exponential growth phase 3. stationary phase 4. death/decline phase
54
What is the lag phase?
adjustment to new environment, making new enzymes, not yet replicating
55
What is the log/exponential growth phase?
metabolically active and reproducing exponentially
56
What is the stationary phase?
replicating rate= death rate, nutrients low, waste high
57
What is the death/decline phase?
waste becomes more toxic, death rate > replicating rate
58
What is the generation time?
The time it takes for one cell to become two cells
59
When can the generation time be calculated?
during the log phase
60
What are the two types of unusual bacteria?
1. Chlamydiae 2. Rickettsiae
61
What are the two characteristics of Chlamydiae?
obligate intracellular parasites, Lack ATP machinery
62
What are the two forms of Chlamydiae?
Elementary body and reticulate body
63
What is the elementary body of Chlamydiae?
infective form; phagocytised by host
64
What is the reticulate body of Chlamydiae?
reproducing form; replicated inside host using the hosts ATP
65
What are the two characteristics of Rickettsiae?
1. obligate intracellular parasites 2. extremely permeable cell membrane
66
What do Rickettsiae bacteria do inside host cell?
replicates inside host cell using host rick cytoplasm
67
What hosts do Rickettsiae bacteria infect?
humans and anthropoids (ticks, lice, fleas, mites)
68
What is a direct measurement of growth and two examples?
cell and colony counts; counting chambers, plate counts
69
What are indirect measurements of growth and three examples?
quantifying changes; turbidity, metabolic activity, dry weight
70
What are counting chambers?
cells physically counted
71
What are plate counts?
1. culture serially diluted 2. plated on several plates 3. colonies counted to calculate CFU in original sample
72
What is turbidity?
cloudiness indicate increased growth; spectrophotometer used to measure turbidity
73
What is measure during metabolic activity?
metabolic product (acid or gas); the more product produced, the more bacteria present
74
How is dry weight measured?
1.samples dehydrated 2. weighed to determine amount

Microbiology Lecture Exam #2 (4 decks)

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