microbial metabolism

Question 1

Define metabolism

Answer 1

the sum of the chemical reactions in an organism

Question 2

define anabolisim and catabolism

Answer 2

Anabolism - uses energy and supplies to build large molecules
Catabolism - provides energy and supplies for anabolism

Question 3

what is the role of ATP as an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism

Answer 3

ATP - Adenosine diphosphate is the universal energy storage molecules
The anabolic reactions use ATP to create the molecules and the Catabolic reactions move energy (phosphate) into the ADP so it can bee used again

Question 4

how does the electron carrier NAD+ undergoes reversible reduction to NADH during metabolic cycles

Answer 4

NAD+ is an electron carrier of which is crucial for the synthesis of ATP. when it gains and electron to becomes NADH

Question 5

what are the three main step in cellular metabolisim?

Answer 5

Glycolysis, krebs cycle and ETC

Question 6

describe the glycoysis pathway

Answer 6

the catabolic pathway of which 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+ is used to create 4 ATP, 2 NADH and 2 pyruvate

Question 7

decribe the krebs cycle

Answer 7

The pyruvate is converted into Acetyl - COA
converts the Acetyl-COA in eight reactions into: 2CO2, 1 ATP, 1 FADH, 3 NADH
Remember that we have 2 pyruvate and therefore 2 Acetyl-COA, therefore we will have double the products in the Kreb cycle

Question 8

how many ATP is produced in glycolosis, krebs cycle and the ETC and what is the total

Answer 8

Glycolosis - 2
krebs - 2
ETC - 34
Total - 38

Question 9

Describe the chemiosmotic model for ATP generation

Answer 9

This is the Electron transport chain segment, it occurs in the inner mitrochondrial membrane in eukaryote and in the plasma memebrane in prokarayotes.
protiens called cytochromes allow electron the pass through, creating a high concentration of protons outside the membrane (electrochemical gradient). ATP synthase ‘recharges’ the ADP and the final electron accepter is oxygen.

Question 10

what is the diffrent between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 10

Aerobic - the final electron acceptor in the ETC is oxygen
Anaerobic - the final electron acceptor in the ETC is not oxygen, instead nitrate sulphate, or carbonate. Not all of the Kreb cycle occurs, hence ess energy is produced then aerobic

Question 11

what is fermentation and describe the process

Answer 11

Fermentation is the process of which energy is released through organic molecules.
the NAD+ is used to achieve glycolysis for this to be sufficient energy the NADH is oxidised (recycled) to produce more NAD+. Then either lactic acid or Acetaldehyde (later ethanol) is produced.
Lactic acid fermentation produced lactic acid, either homolactic (lactic acid only) or Heterolactic( other compounds as well)

Question 12

what are some of the features of fermentation

Answer 12

Does not use the Kreb cycle, or ETC
Does not require oxygen
Organic molecules are used as the final electron acceptor.

Question 13

what are some products of fermentation

Answer 13

Spoiled food, alcohol and some industrial chemicals.

Question 14

list the four diffrent nutritional patterns of organisims

Answer 14

photoautotrophic
photoheterotrophic
chemoautotrophic
chemoheterotrophic

Question 15

describe the energy and carbon source of photoautotrophic organisims

Answer 15

light (energy)
Carbon dioxide (carbon)
example- Oxygenic - Cyanobacteria or Anoxygenic bacteria - green bacteria, purple bacteria

Question 16

describe the energy and carbon source of phototheterotrophic organisims

Answer 16

light (energy)
organic compound (Carbon)
example - Green bacteria, purple non-sulfur bacteria

Question 17

describe the energy and carbon source of chemoautotrophic organisims

Answer 17

Chemical (energy)
Carbon di oxide (carbon)
example - iron-oxidising bacteria

Question 18

describe the energy and carbon source of chemoheterotrophic organisims

Answer 18

chemical (energy)
Organic compound (carbon)
Example - Fermentative bacteria, animals, protozoa, fungi, bacteria