Microbial Metabolism Flashcards
What is Catabolism(2)
Reactions that release energy/heat by oxidation of molecules
- coupled to ATP synthesis
What does catabolism break down?
Larger molecules into smaller molecules
What does catabolism use to break down chemical bonds?
H2O, hydrolytic
What is anabolism (2)
Reactions that require energy
Coupled to ATP breakdown
What does anabolism build?
Building of polymers
Small molecules + energy = large molecules
How does anabolism build their polymers
Using dehydration synthesis
Taking away H2O to join bonds
Small molecules + energy = large molecules
How do you get metabolism?
Catabolism + anabolism = metabolism
What are enzymes (3)
Catalysts, specific, 3-D shape is unique
What are catalysts in enzymes
They increase the rate of reaction of a chemical bond by decreasing the amount of energy required ( activation energy )
What is activation energy
The amount of collision energy required to start a reaction
Summary, what’s the main function of catalysts in enzymes? (2)
- increase the rate of chemical reaction
- by decreasing the amount of energy it needs to make a reaction
What is specific for enzymes?
Each enzymes acts on a specific substrate
Are each substrate specific for enzymes?
Yes
What is 3-D shape for enzymes
They are unique shapes for enzymes
How does catabolism release its energy ?
By oxidation of molecules
How anabolism use its energy?
To synthesis macromolecules that make up the cell ( building up )
Anabolism is what?
Energy stores in molecules of ATP
Or
Energy is released by hydrolysis of ATP
Energy stores in molecules of ATP
Catabolism is what?
Energy stores in molecules of ATP
Or
Energy is released by hydrolysis of ATP
Energy is released by hydrolysis of atp
- breaking down
How are enzymes effected during a chemical reaction? (3)
temp
Ph
Substrate consentrations
What do you have more of when you have a lot of electrons?
ATP
What does large polymers do?
They store houses of energy
What does energy rich carbohydrates contain ?
A lot of hydrogen atoms
How do you form polymers from monomers?
Using energy to make new bonds
The most important pathway chain for electrons (atp) is what?
Electron transport chain
What are the most important electron Carriers? (2)
NAD+
FADH2
The most compound important and easiest to breakdown to give us energy is what?
Carbohydrates
What is the chemical formula of glucose ?
C6 H12 O6
How do we extract/transfer electrons for energy?
By oxidation-reduction
What does Oxidation mean?
Loss/removal of electrons
What happens to the electron donor?
Oxidized
Does oxidized reaction produce energy?
Yes
What is reduction ?
Gain of an electron
What happenes to the electrical acceptor?
Becomes reduced
Do reduction acceptors gain an energy?
Yes
What makes oxidation reduction reactions so important?
It’s important because you need to be coupled and work together to make energy
Does oxidation reduction need to be coupled?
YES
Why can’t electrons just float around
Because their needs to be a donor and a receiver
NAD+ is acceptor or Donor?
Is an electron acceptor
What happens to NAD+ when it gets reduced ( gains an electron )
Turns into NADH
If you see NAD+ what would you normally assume?
That this is an oxidation reduction
The more NADH what is there more of now
THE MORE ATP
What are the 3 major ways that ATP is produced ?
Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation
What’s the simplest way to make ATP?
Substrate level phosphorylation
What is substrate level phosphorylation ? (SLP)
A large compound that can give up its phosphate to ADP, to make ATP
Substrate~P + ADP =
Substrate ATP
What is Oxidative phosphorylation
Breaking large compounds into smaller ones to make ATP
What are the steps of oxidative phosphorylation ? (5)
- breaking down big molecules into smaller ones
- extracting their electrons
- carried by NAD* or NADP+
- then gives away to the electron transport chain
- then we create ATP
What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxygen
Where is electron transport chain found in prokaryotes
Plasma membrane
Where is the electron transport chain found in eukaryotes
Mitochondrial inner membrane
What is photosphorylation?
ATP from sunlight ( aka photosynthesis )
What are the 3 carbohydrate catabolism?
- Aerobic respiration
- Fermentation
- Anaerobic respiration
What is carbohydrate catabolism?
The breakdown of glucose
What is aerobic respiration ?
Requires oxygen
Oxidation of glucose
What is the final aerobic respiration acceptor ?
Oxygen
What are the 4 steps of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis
Prep step
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
What is anaerobic conditions
No oxygen
Absence of oxygen
What is anaerobic respiration
Oxidation of glucose
Final electron acceptor of inorganic molecule
What is the fermentation
Oxidation of glucose
Final electron acceptor organic molecule
What’s the final acceptor of fermentation
Organic molecule
What’s the final electron acceptor of anaerobic respiration
In organic molecule
What is oxidication of glucose
Losing electrons of glucose
What’s the most effective way to get the most ATP in the carbohydrate catabolism?
Aerobic respiration
What is glycolysis ?
Oxidization of glucose
Do all three ways of carbohydrate catabolism have to go through glycosis
Yes
What are the steps of glycolysis? (Main 4)
- splitting of glucose
- prep step
- total net before kreb
- kreb step
- final total after kreb
What is prep step?
Oxidizing the 2 pyurbic acid
What do we get after glycosis ?
2 pvruci acid
Why can’t pyrrhic acid enter kreb step?
It needs to lose electron
Then pick up NAD+
Turns into NADH
Then turns into 2 acelytco
What can enter krebs ?
2 Acetylco A
What’s important of krebs
Generations the most electron Carriers
The more electron Carriers we have the more?
Atp
Kreb cycle goes in what ?
Circular motion
What is the electron transport chain?
The largest ATP generator
Where is the electron transport chain in prokaryotes and eukaryotes ?
Prokaryotes - plasma membrane
Eukaryotes - mitochondrial Inner membrane
What is the job of the electron transport chain?
Just passing electrons to another electron Carriers to make ATP
How does oxidative phosphorylation get energy ?
Through a lot of oxidation reducation reactions
Since oxidative phosphate needs that oxidation reduction, what is going to happen at the end of it ?
ATP synthesis
What is chemoiosmosis ?
The movement of hydrogen atoms back into the electron transport cycle
- driving the ATP synthesis
For every NADH that goes through electron transport chain, how much ATP do we generate
3 ATP
For every FADH2 that loses it electrons in the electron transport chain, how many ATP do we make
2 ATP
For every NADH how many ATP do we get in the electron transport chain
30
- 10 since that was the total we made in the aerobic respiration
3 in the chain
10x3= 30
Since every one glucose is 10 and comes out 3 times
30
In the electron transport chain, NADH and FADH how many ATP do we get
34
NADH glycosis 10
Electron transport chain 3
10x3 = 30
FADH glycosis 2
Electron transport chain 2
2+2= 4
30+4= 34
What is an inorganic compound
Nitrate, Sulfate, hydrogen salfte
Anaerobic makes less atp than aerobic ?
Yes, less than 38
C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 + 38ADP + 38Pi
->
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 38 ATP
What’s the formula
And what is it doing & meaning
It’s aerobic respiration
And it’s doing catabolism
Catabolism breaks down bigger molecules and makes it smaller
What is Fermentation ?
No oxygen
Organic molecule
Does fermentation pass through kreb cycle ?
No
Where does fermentation stop?
Glycosis
Examples of fermentation ?
Yorgut
Cheese
What is homolactic acid fermentation produce
Lactic acid
2 ATP
What does heterolactic acid produce?
Lactic acid
Acetic acid
CO2
2 ATP
What does alcohol fermination procure ?
Ethanol and 2 ATP
What is lipid catabolism?
Fatty acids released by lipids
Does lipid catabolism enter the kreb cycle ?
Yes
What is protein catabolism?
Proteins breakdown into amino acids
What are energy sources ?
Light & redox
What are the energy sources ( light & redox ) proper names?
Light = phototroph
Redox = chemotroph
What are carbon sources ?
CO2 & Orangic C
What are the real names of carbon sources ( CO2 & organic C )
CO2 = autotroph
Organic C = heterotroph
What are energy carbon sources called?
Chemoheterotrophs
What are Chemoheterotroph
energy and carbon sources are organic compounds
