Chemical Princples Part 1 Flashcards
What are the 4 major macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids ( extra ATP )
What is a carbohydrate
Sugars & starches
What is the function of a carbohydrate
Supply the cell with energy
What are simple sugars
Monosaccharides
What are monosaccharides made up of?
Single sugar molecules, 3-7 carbon
What are 3 examples of simple sugars
Ribose, glucose, fructose
Why they ( ribose, glucose, fructose ) simple sugars?
Because they break down quickly after you eat & provides energy
What’s another name for simple sugar?
Simple carbohydrate
What are complex carbohydrate
Polysaccharides
What are polysaccharides made up of
Long chain of sugar molecules, 8 or more monosaccharides together
What are examples of polysaccharides
Glycogen ( animal energy ), cellulose ( cell wall in plants ), starch
What is disaccharides
When 2 monosaccharides join together by a dehydration synthesis
What is dehydration synthesis
When two molecules join and release water
Why is dehydration synthesis important
To create bigger molecules ( example ; glucose + fructose = sucrose )
What is hydrolysis
Using water to break down bigger molecules
Why is hydrolysis important
To make smaller molecules
What is the function of lipids?
Energy storage
What are examples of simple lipids
Fats & triglycerides
What does a simple lipid have
Fatty acid with various alcohols ( glycerol )
What makes up a fatty acid, chains of what ?
Long chain of hydrocarbons
What is the linkage between glycerol & fatty acid
Ester bond
What is saturated fatty acid
Maximum hydrogen atoms to carbon ( example ; animal fat )
What is unsaturated fatty acid
Not maximum hydrogen atoms, so it has double bonds ( examples vegetable oil )
What is complex lipid
Ester of fatty acids containing group in addition to alcohol & fatty acid
What is the most common complex lipid
Phospholipid
What is the main lipid found in cell membranes
Phospholipids
What do phospholipids make up
The lipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membrane
What is the hydrophobic region of a phospholipid
Fatty acid tails, hate water, non polar
What is the hydrophilic region of a phospholipid
Glycerol & phosphate, loves water and polar heads
What are steroids
Complex lipids with fused rings
What are examples of steroids
Cholesterol and vitamin D
Where are steroids mainly found in
Plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells
What is the only bacteria with steroids in their plasma membrane
Mycoplasma ( only found in their plasma membrane )
What are proteins
One or more long chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
What do proteins make up in a cell
50% of the cells weight
What are the functions of a protein (5)
Enzymes, transport, hormones, structural molecules and antibodies
What is a peptide bond
Carboxyl group of one amino acids to another amino acid group
What does peptide bonds undergo to be what they are
Dehydration synthesis
Protein structure ; primary structure
Polypeptide strand ( amino acid sequence )
Protein structure ; secondary structure
Helix ( beta ) & alpha pleated sheets ( with 3 polypeptide strands )
Protein structure ; tertiary structure
Helix & pleated sheets fold into a 3D shape
Protein structure ; Quaternary structure
The relationship of several folded polypeptides chains, form a protein
What is protein denaturation?
The breakdown of secondary-quaternary structure
When does/ how does protein denaturation happen?
Exposure to excessive heat, acid and alcohol
What does protein denaturation do?
Destiny function of a protein
What is the function nucleic acids perform
Storage & expression of genetic information
What do nucleic acid include ?
Dna & RNA
What are nucleic acids made up of?
Polymers of nucleotides, joined together by phosphodiester bond
What is the function of phosphodiester bond ?
Stabilize the structure of dna and rna
What are nucleotides ?
Basic structural unit of dna and rna
What are nitrogen cyclic bases ?
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)
What are the Pentose sugar in dna
Deoxyribose
What is the pentose sugar in rna
Ribose
What is Pentose sugar
Monosaccharides with 5 carbon atoms
What is dna
Double stranded, super helical, genetic information
What does dna contain
A, T, C, G
How does dna pair?
A with T, C with G
What is RNA
Single stranded molecule
What does rna contain
a, u, g, c
How does rna pair?
A with U, G with C
What kinds of rna are there
3, m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA
What is ATP
Primary energy source of the cell
Where is the energy in atp?
High phosphate bonds
What does atp contain?
Adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate
How does ATP go into ADP + Pi
ATP has 3, break down info 2, so now ADP (2) and Pi (1 inorganic molecule )
Why does ATP breakdown
In case the cell needs to spend more energy on a task
