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POM Week 2 > Microbial Infection > Flashcards

Microbial Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is a zoonotic infection?

A

Does not normally circulate in the human population

Has an animal reservoir

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2
Q

What are the 5 types of infectious agents?

A 
Viruses
Bacteria
Funghi
Protozoa
Helminths
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3
Q

What are the main features of viruses?

A 
Not cells in their own right
Obligate parasites
Contain RNA or DNA as genetic material 
Replicate using host cell nuclear machinery
Show host specificity
Divide by budding out of host cell
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4
Q

How may a viral disease be transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral
Airborne
Insect vectors
Blood born

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5
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

RNA genome requires reverse transcriptase

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6
Q

What is the only infectious disease to have been irradiated?

A

Smallpox

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7
Q

Which virus causes smallpox?

A

Variola virus

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8
Q

How was it irradiated?

A

By a effective vaccine

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9
Q

What method is being employed in the near-eradication of polio?

A

Effective oral vaccine

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10
Q

What are the main features of bacteria?

A 
No internal membranes
Single copy of genome (haploid)
Poorly defined cytoskeleton
Peptidoglycan cell well
Divide by binary fission
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11
Q

How are bacteria motile?

A

Use flagella

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12
Q

Why may bacteria move?

A

Towards food sources

Away from toxins

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13
Q

What is an example of a bacterial infection?

A

Shingella
Affects GI tract invade epithelial cells
Moves within cells using host cell components
Faecal-orla transmission

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14
Q

What are the main features of Meningitis?

A 
Community acquired
Airborne
Multiple serogroups 
Can cause septicaemia with 10% fatality
Rapid preogression
Septic chsock
Severe inflammatory response
Can result in meningitis if passes blood-brain barrier
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15
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

A Hospital required infection
e.g. Clostridium difficile
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

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16
Q

What are the main features of TB?

A

1.5 million people die from TB each year
Chronic infection
Difficult to diagnosis
Effective drugs but take a long time to work (6 months)
BCG vaccine works well in infants and children not adults

17
Q

What are the main features of leprosy?

A

Chronic infection of the skin and nerves
Transmitted by nasal discharges
5 year incubation period

18
Q

What does helicobacter pylori cause?

A

Peptic ulcer and gastric cancer

19
Q

What are the main features of pathogenic E.coli?

A

Zoonotic
Can mutate easily and rapidly
Short replication times (20 mins)

20
Q

What are the main features of Funghi?

A 
Eukaryotic
Causes cutaneous, mucosal, systemic mycoses 
Occurs as yeasts, filaments or both 
Yeasts bud or divide
Form hyphae
21
Q

What are the main features of Protozoa?

A

Unicellular
Include instal, blood and tissue parasites
Replicate in host by binary fission
Or asexual reproduction
Many have complicated life cycles involving two hosts
Infection is acquired by ingestion or through a vector

22
Q

Give two examples of diseases caused by protozoa?

A

Malaria and Leishmaniasis

23
Q

What are the main features of Malaria?

A 
Plasmodium species
Infection acquired via mosquito vector
Blood and tissue parasites
Formation of trophozoites inside a cell
Insect vector- mosquito 
Sickle-cell and Beta-thalassaemia are immune
24
Q

What are the main features of Leishmaniasis?

A

Infection is acquired via a sandfly vector
blood and tissues parasites
Formation of trophozoites inside cell

25
Q

What are the main features of Helminths?

A 
Can be seen without microscope 
Metazoa with eukaryotic cells
Life-cycle outside the human host
e.g. Roundworms, flatworms and tapeworms
Faecal-oral transmission
26
Q

What are the main features of Schistosomiasis?

A

Adult worms in hepatic portal vein, eggs migrate towards gut
Ingested by snails which transmit Cercaria that is what causes infection in humans
Causes inflammation

POM Week 2 (12 decks)

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