Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POM Week 2 > Blood cell abnormalities > Flashcards

Blood cell abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Reduction in the amount of haemoglobin in a given volume of blood below normal values for health subject of same age and gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of anaemia?

A

Reduced production of red cells
Blood loss
Reduces serval of red cells
Pooling of red cells in very large spells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is caused by reduced production of globing chains?

A

Thalassemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can anaemia be classified?

A

On the basis of cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are causes of microcytic anaemia?

A 
Defect in haem synthesis
-Iron deficiency
-Anaemia of chronic disease
Defect in globing synthesis
-alpha thalassaemia
-beta thalassaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What causes iron deficiency?

A 
Increased blood loss
Insufficient intake 
Increased requirements (pregnancy and infancy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A 
Megaloblastic anaemia 
Abnormal haemopoiesis
Liver disease
Excess alcohol intake 
Increased no. of reticulocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is megaloblastic anaemia?

A

Delay in maturation of the nucleus while the cytoplasm continues to mature and cell grows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a megaloblast?

A

Abnormal bone marrow erythroblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What causes megaloblastic anaemia?

A

Deficiency of B12 or folic acid
Use of drugs interfering with DNA synthesis
Liver diseases increased ethanol toxicity
Recent major blood loss
Haemolytic anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Too many red cells in the circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two types of polycythaemia?

A

Pseudo- reduced plasma volume

True- increase in total volume of red cells in circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What causes polycythaemia?

A

Excessive transfusion
Response to hypoxia
Changes in levels of erythropoietin
Abnormal function of the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can cause increased synthesis of erythropoietin?

A

High altitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When is an increase in erythropoietin inappropriate?

A

In sports

In cancer e.g renal tumours secrete it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is polycythaemia vera?

A

Intrinsic bone marrow disorder

Myeloproliferative neoplasm

17
Q

What does polycythaemia result in?

A

More viscous blood

Can lead to vascular obstruction

18
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Cancer of the blood
Means ‘white blood’
5% of all cancers

19
Q

What causes leukaemia?

A

Series of mutation in a single lymphoid or myeloid stem cell
The progeny behave abnormally e.g. increased proliferation, failure of differentiation, increased survival
Cells with mutations have a growth advantage

20
Q

What is different about leukaemia?

A

Stem cells can circulate in blood and enter tissues
Concepts of invasion and metastasis cannot be applied
Therefore terms chronic and acute are uses
Chronic- benign
Acute- malignant

21
Q

How is leukaemia classified?

A

Acute or Chronic
Lymphoid: (B or T or NK)
Myeloid: (Granulocytic or Monocytic or Erythroid or Megakaryocytic)

22
Q

What does the suffix ‘blastic’ mean?

A

Acute

23
Q

What does the suffix ‘cytic’ mean?

A

Chronic

24
Q

Why do people get leukaemia?

A

Random errors
Oncogenic influences
Loss of function in tumour suppression gene

25
Q

What are the differences between acute and chronic leukaemia?

A

AML- cells continue to proliferate but no longer mature
Build up of immature cells
Failure to produce normal functioning end cells
Cell behaviour profoundly disturbed

CML- leukaemia cells are mature although abnormal

26
Q

How does leukaemia cause diseases characteristics?

A

Leucocytosis causes bone pain

Enlargement of thymus, spleen etc.

27
Q

What is chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A

Translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 in haemopoietic stem cell
A chimeric gene is formed
Gives cell growth and survival advantage gives rise to a leukaemic clone
Increase in granulocytes and precursors
Anaemia
Enlarged spleen

28
Q

What is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

A 
Leucocytosis 
Anaemia 
Neutropenia
Thromobocytopenia
Replacement of normal bone marrow by lymphoblasts 
More common in children
29
Q

What can molecular genetic analysis do?

A

Give more information about prognosis

Development on targeted treatment

30
Q

What is the treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

A 
Red cells for anaemia
Platelets for haemorrhages 
Antibiotics
Systemci chemo
Intrathecal chemo
31
Q

What are the causes of normocytic anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency
Renal failure
Recent blood loss
Bone marrow failure/ infiltration

POM Week 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions