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POM Week 2 > Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

What is Type I hypersensitivity?

A

Allergic reaction provokes by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen

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2
Q

What diseases result in type I hypersensitivity?

A

Asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis

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3
Q

What antibodies mediate a type I response?

A

IgE antibodies

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4
Q

When would non-allergic people make IgE?

A

In response to parasitic infections or very potent venoms

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5
Q

Name some examples of environmental antigens?

A

Foods, plants, animal dander, drugs and insect products

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6
Q

How can allergy be diagnosed?

A

Skin prick tests

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7
Q

How are IgE antibodies produced?

A

Complex with multiple factors
Generation of type 2 helper CD4 T-cells and B helper follicular CD4 T cells
These produce the type 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-3
These act on B-cells to produce antigen specific IgE

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8
Q

Why are levels of IgE very low?

A

Once produces in rapidly binds to the surface of innate immune cells
They have a high affinity IgE receptor

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9
Q

What happens after IgE is produced?

A

Release of:
histamine
cytokines (for cell recruitment)
smooth muscle contracting molecules e.g. leukotrienes and prostaglandins

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10
Q

What are the different phases of a type 1 response?

A

Early (few minutes)
Second (few hours)
Third (3-4 days after exposure)

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11
Q

What is Type II sensitivity?

A

Antibody mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity

Involves destruction of cells by IgG or IgM antibody bound to antigens present of the surface of the cells

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12
Q

What are some examples of Type II hypersensitivity?

A

Mismatched blood transfusion
Haemolytic disease of newborns
Immune thrombocytopenia
Graves disease

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13
Q

What are the three ways by which antibodies can result in disease in Type II?

A
  1. Anti-receptor activity: Blocking or activating its function
  2. Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  3. Classical activation of the complement cascade
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14
Q

What is the complement cascade?

A

Complex process by which the antibody on the surface of cells is recognised by the complement components
Leads to formation of the membrane attack complex
And cell death due to loss of osmotic integrity
Results in inflammation, opsonisation and recruitment and activation of immune cells

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15
Q

What are the consequences of Type II hypersensitivity?

A

Local/Systemic inflammation

Cell depletion leading to loss of function or imbalance in organ function

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16
Q

What is Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complex driven disease

17
Q

What are immune complexes?

A

Non-cell bound antigen antibody complexes

Normally cleated through the activity of the immune system

18
Q

What happens if immune complexes cannot be cleared?

A

Deposited in the blood vessel walls and tissues

Promotes inflammation and tissue damage

19
Q

What are symptoms of Type III hypersensitivity?

A 
Fever
Rashes
Joint pain
Protein in urine
Vasculitis 
Glomerulonephritis 
Arthritis
20
Q

Name some auto-immune diseases that involve type III reactions?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and systematic lupus evythmatosus

21
Q

What are the main features of serum sickness?

A

Anti-serum neutralises venom by giving antibodies specific to the snake venom proteins
Body reacts against the anti-serum producing antibodies that recognise the anti-serum antibodies
Problematic if bitten again as anti-serum will not work

22
Q

What is Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

delayed-type/ T-cell mediated hypersensitivity

23
Q

Where does the sensitisation phase occur in type IV?

A

Where the antigen is presented to naïve T cells by antigen presenting dendritic cells
This results in the generation of antigen specificities memory T-cells (takes several weeks)

24
Q

What is the most common form of type IV?

A

Dermatitis caused by exposure to poison ivy

POM Week 2 (12 decks)

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