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2nd Microbio test stuff > Microbial Genetics > Flashcards

Microbial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Genome

A

All genetic information about a cell

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2
Q

Genetic code

A

Set of rules that determine how a nucleotide sequence is converted to an amino acid sequence of a protein

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

Necessary
Circular
DOuble stranded
Large
DNA

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4
Q

Plasmids

A

Carry traits not necessary to survival
Circular
Double stranded
SMALL
Bacteria may have more than one

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5
Q

Transposons

A

Jumping genes

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6
Q

Components of nucleotides?

A

Nitrogen base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group

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7
Q

What are nitrogen bases?

A

Ring of nitrogen and carbon
Very basic, having high pH

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8
Q

Types of nitrogen bases?

A

Purines (9 member double ring)
Pyrimidines (6 member single ring)

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9
Q

What are the 2 purines?

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

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10
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Cytosin (C)
Thmine (T)
Uracil (8)

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11
Q

What are the types of pentose sugars in nucleotides?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acids (deoxyribose)
Ribonucleic acids (ribose)

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12
Q

Where are ribose and deoxyribose found in?

A

Ribose (RNA)
Deoxyribose (DNA)

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13
Q

What does the phosphate group in nucleotides contribute to?

A

Contributes to the overall negative charge

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14
Q

DNA replication: How the helix unzips steps and what happens after

A
  1. Doble helix separates as weak hydrogen bonds break in response to enzymes
  2. New hydrogen bonds form between new complementary nucleotides and each strand of parental template to form new base pairs
  3. Enzymes catalyze the formation of sugar phosphate bonds between sequential nucleotides on each resulting daughter strand
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15
Q

How can a cell’s DNA be changed?

A

Mutations during replication, vertical transfer
Horizontal Gene transfer

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16
Q

Mutation informatin

A

Permanent change in base sequence in DNA
Sometimes will cause a change in the product encoded by that gene

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17
Q

Spontaneous mutations occur when?

A

In the absence of any mutation causing agents

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18
Q

What are the types of mutations?

A

Spontaneous
Base
Nucleotide insertion/ deletion

19
Q

What are the types of base substitutions(mutation)

A

SIlent
Missense
Nonsense

20
Q

What’s a silent mutation?

A

Occurs when a change in sequence of nucleotide base but doesn’t change the function or amino acid

21
Q

Whats a missense mutation?

A

When a base substitution results in a change of amino acid

22
Q

What’s a nonsense mutation?

A

Base subsitutution results in a stop codon

23
Q

TYpe of nuleotide insertion/ deletion mutation?

A

Frameshift

24
Q

What’s a frameshift mutation?

A

INsertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs

25
Q

What are mutagens?

A

Agents that directly or indirectly bring about mutations

26
Q

Whats the mutation rate?

A

Probability that a gene will mutate when a cell divides
Usually a negative exponent as they are so rare

27
Q

What’s genetic recombination

A

Exchange of genes between 2 DNA molecules to form new combinations of genes on a chromosome

28
Q

What happens if a cell picks up foreign DNA (genetic recombination)

A

Some of it can insert into cells chromosomes called crossing over
Some of the genes carried by chromosomes are shuffled
DNA is now recombined, meaning it has some of donors DNA

29
Q

What happens in horizontal gene transfer?

A

Donor cell gives a portion of its DNA to recipient cell

30
Q

What’s the recombinant in horizontal gene transfer?

A

The recipient cell that incorperates donor DNA into its own DNA

31
Q

What are some ways genetic transfer can occur?

A

Plasmids and transposons / conjugation
Transformation
Transduction

32
Q

Plasmid facts

A

Self replicating
Circular pieces of DNA
1 to 5% of size of chromosome
Often code for proteins that enhance the pathogenicity of a bacterum

33
Q

Different types of plasmids?

A

F factor/ conjugative
Virulence
DISIMILATION
Col
Resistance factor

34
Q

F factor plasmid fact

A

Carries gene for sex pili and transfer of plasmid to another cell

35
Q

Virulence plasmid facts

A

Encode proteins that enhance pathogeniity

36
Q

Disimilation plasmds

A

Code for enzymes that trigger catabolism

37
Q

Col plasmids

A

Colicinogenic factor
Production of colicins
Colicins are proteins that have antibiotic activity and can kill other bacteria

38
Q

R factor

A

Carry genes that can their host resistence to antibiotics, heavt metak, or cellular toxins

39
Q

The 2 groups of R factor genes

A

Resistance transfer factor (genes for plasmid replication)
R determinant group (resistence genes)

40
Q

Requirements for conjugation

A

Cell to cell contact
Must be between opposite mating types
F+ (has plasmid)
F- (does not)

41
Q

Gram negative cells use what to comjugate?

A

Sex pilus

42
Q

Comjugation steps

A

Donor cell attaches to recipient with pilus
Cells contact each other
One strand of plasmid Dna transfers
Recipient cell becomes F+

43
Q

Limits to conjugation?

A

No same cells allowed will connect
Restriction enzymes

2nd Microbio test stuff (5 decks)

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