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Micro Para Lec > Microbial Cell > Flashcards

Microbial Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

The ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as separate and distinct. Its determined by the wavelength of light used and numerical aperture of lens

A

Resolution

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2
Q

Its the ability to make an object larger

A

Magnification

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3
Q

What is the maximum magnification of microscope

A

average 2,000 X

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4
Q

What is the limit of the resolution of light microscope

A

0.2 microns

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5
Q

Type of microscope:
- visualizes specimen by the differences in density between specimen and surroundings

A

Bright field microscope

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6
Q

How to improve contrast of in light microscope

A

Staining

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7
Q

It separates bacteria into groups

A

Gram Stain

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8
Q

what is the color of gram positive bacteria

A

purple

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9
Q

what is the color of gram negative bacteria

A

red

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10
Q

Type of microscopy:
- invented by Frits Zernike
- Phase ring amplifies differences in refractive index of cell and surroundings
- improves contrast of sample without use of a stain
- allows visualization of live samples
- resulting image is dark cells on light background

A

Phase - Contrast microscopy

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11
Q

Type of microscopy:
- light reaches specimen from the sides then scatters when reaching the it
- image appears light on dark background
- excellent for observing motility

A

Dark - Field microscopy

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12
Q

Type of microscopy:
- used to visualize specimens that fluoresce
- widely used in microbial ecology for enumerating bacteria in natural samples

A

Fluorescence microscopy

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13
Q

Example of cells that fluoresce naturally

A

Chlorophyll

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14
Q

A fluorescent dye that can stain both live and fixed cells. It is excited by ultraviolet light which makes it emit blue color

A

DAPI

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15
Q

Type of microscope:
- uses electrons instead of photons to create image of cells and structures

A

Electron Microscope

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16
Q

Two types of electron microscopes

A

Transmission and Scanning

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17
Q

Type of electron microscope:
- electromagnets function as lenses
- its system operates in a vacuum
- High mag and res is 0.2 nm
- specimen viewed must be very thin (20-60nm) and be stained

A

Transmission electron microscope

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18
Q

Type of electron microscope:
- coated with thin film of heavy metal
- electron beam scans the object
- scattered electrons are collected by detector to produce an image
- mag range is 15 X - 100,000 X
- even large specimens can be observed

A

Scanning electron microscope

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19
Q

It means the cells shape

A

Morphology

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20
Q

Cell morphologies:
- spherical or ovoid

A

Coccus

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21
Q

Cell morphologies:
- cylindrical shape

A

Rod

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22
Q

Cell morphologies:
- spiral shape

A

Spirillum

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23
Q

Cell morphologies:
- has a stalk and a hypha

A

Budding and Appendaged bacteria

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24
Q

Cell morphologies:
- filamentous

A

Filamentous bacteria

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25
Q

what is the size range of eukaryotic cells?

A

10 to >200 microns in diameter

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26
Q

What is the size range of prokaryotes?

A

0.2 microns to >700 microns

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27
Q

What are the advantages of small cells?

A
  • have more surface area relative to cell volume
  • supports greater nutrient exchange per unit cell volume
  • tend to grow faster than larger cells
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28
Q

Its general structure is a phospholipid bilayer. fatty acids point inward and hydrophilic portions remain exposed to cytoplasm. it is
8 -10 nm wide and is embedded with protein. Stabilized by hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions

A

Cytoplasmic Membrane

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29
Q

Found in the outer layer of cytoplasmic membrane

A

Membrane proteins

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30
Q

Proteins firmly embedded in membrane

A

Integral Membrane protein

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31
Q

Proteins that have one portion anchored in the membrane

A

Peripheral Membrane proteins

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32
Q

This membrane
- has ether linkages in phospholipids in any bacteria or Eukarya
- has isoprenes instead of fatty acids
- its major lipids are diethers and tetraethers
- can exist as lipid monolayers, bilayers, or mixture

A

Archaeal Membranes

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33
Q

Holds transport proteins in place

A

Protein anchor

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34
Q

Generation of proton motive force

A

Energy Conservation

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35
Q

Carrier mediated transport proteins are?

A
  • shows saturation effect
  • highly specific
  • highly regulated
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36
Q

3 major classes of transport systems

A
  1. Simple transport
  2. Group Translocation
  3. ABC system
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37
Q

Identify which transport system is being described:
- driven by energy in the proton motive force

A

Simple Transport

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38
Q

Identify which transport system is being described:
- chemical modification of the transported substance driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

A

Group Translocation

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39
Q

Identify which transport system is being described:
- periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

A

ABC Transporter

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40
Q

3 possible transport events

A
  1. Uniporters
  2. Symporters
  3. Antiporters
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41
Q

Its a rigid layer that provides strength to the cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

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42
Q

Its a polysacharide that is composed of
- amino acids
- N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid
- Lysine or diaminopimelic acid
- Corss linked differently in gram negative and positive bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan

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43
Q

Prokaryotes that lack cell walls

A

Mycoplasma - group of pathogenic bacteria
Thermoplasma - Species of archea

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44
Q

Reasons why Mycoplasma and Thermoplasma can survive without cell wall

A

Mycoplasma - have sterols on their cell membrane
Thermoplasma - have lipoglycans in their cell membrane
Both - live in osmotically protected habitats

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45
Q

cell wall contains how much peptidoglycan

A

average 10%

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46
Q

Most of cell wall composed of what?

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer

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47
Q

LPS layer consist of what

A

core polysaccharide and O-polysaccharide

48
Q

Replaces most of the phospholipids in outer half of outer membrane

A

LPS layer

49
Q

Toxic component of LPS layer

A

Endotoxin

50
Q

Its the space located between cytoplasmic and outer membrane.
- average 15 nm wide
- contents have gel like consistency
- houses many proteins

A

Periplasm

51
Q

Channels for movement of hydrophilic low molecular weight substances. Facilitates that entry of materials needed by the cell that by the outer membrane. Can be nonspecific and specific

A

Porins

52
Q

responsible for differences in the gram stain reaction of bacteria

A

structural differences between cell walls of gram positive and negative Bacteria

53
Q

Its a bacteria with no cell walls, no outer membrane, and some may lack pseudomurein.

A

Archean

54
Q

A polysaccharide similar to peptidoglycan. Composed of
N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylalosaminuronic acid. Found in cell walls of certain methanogenic Archea

A

Pseudomurein

55
Q

Most common cell wall type among Archaea. Consist of interlocking protein or glycoprotein. has Paracrystalline structure. allows archea to withstand strong osmotic pressure. serves as a filter to only allow solutes of lower molecular weight. Retains proteins near the cell surface. Its resistant to lysozyme

A

S-Layers

56
Q

Cell surface structures:
- a polysaccharide layers that may be thick or thin, rigid or flexible
- assist in attachment to surfaces bacterial pathogenicity
- protect agains phagocytosis
- resists desiccation - enhancing bacterial virulence

A

Capsules and Slime layers

57
Q

Cell surface structures:
- filamentous protein structure
- enable organisms to stick to surfaces or form pellicles or biofilm
- enhances bacterial virulence as it assist disease process or attachment to tissue

A

Fimbriae

58
Q

Cell Surface Structures:
- Filamentous protein Structure
- typically longer than fimbriae
- assist in surface attachment
- facilitate genetic exchange between cells (conjugation)
- Receptor for certain viruses

A

Pili

59
Q

Cell Inclusions:
- has lipids composed of 3-18 carbons
- has glycogen

A

Carbon Storage polymers

60
Q

Its a glucose polymer

A

Glycogen

61
Q

Cell inclusions:
- accumulations of inorganic phosphate

A

Polyphosphates

62
Q

Cell Inclusions:
- Composed of elemental sulfur stored in periplasm

A

Sulfur globules

63
Q

Cell Inclusions
- composed of barium, stronitum, and magnesium

A

Carbonate materials

64
Q

Cell Inclusions:
- magnetic storage inclusions (iron oxide mineral magnetite)
- allows bacterial cells to orient themselves within magnetic field. not observed in archea

A

Magnetosomes

65
Q

They confer buoyancy in planktonic cells. Spindle shaped, gas filled structures made of protein. Impermeable in water.

A

Gas Vesicles

66
Q

What is phytoplankton?

A
  • organism that lives in watery environments
  • plant like, produces own food
67
Q

What is zooplankton?

A
  • animal like
  • consumes other organisms
68
Q

Molecular structure of gas vesicles

A
  • composed of two proteins GvpA (water tight vesicle shell) and GvpC (strengthen the shell of the gas vesicle)
  • functions by decreasing cell density
69
Q

They are highly differentiated cells resistant to heat, harsh chemicals, and radiation. The dormant stage of bacterail life cycle. Ideal for dispersal via wind, water, or animal gut. Present only in some gram positive bacteria.

A

Endospores

70
Q

Endospore structure

A
  • structurally complex
  • contains dipicolinic acid
  • enrinched in Ca2+
  • Core contains small acid soluble spore proteins (SASP)
71
Q

Its a complex series of events and its genitically directed process.

A

Sporulation process

72
Q

Structure that assists in swimming and helical in shape

A

Flagella

73
Q

What are the different arrangements of flagellas

A
  1. Petritchous (everywhere)
  2. Polar (on side)
  3. Iophotrious (many flagella on one side)
74
Q

What is the structure of flagella of bacteria

A
  • consists of several components
  • filament composed of different types of protein called flagellin
  • move by rotation like a propeller
75
Q

What is the structure of flagella of archea

A
  • half the diameter of bacterial flagella
  • composed of several different proteins
  • move by rotation
76
Q

True or false:
Flagella increase or decrease rotational speed in relation to strength of the proton motive force

A

True

77
Q

Arrangement of flagella on cells that move slowly in a straight line

A

Peritrichously Flagellated Cells

78
Q

Arrangement of flagella on cells that move more rapidly and typically spin around

A

Polarly flagellated cells

79
Q

Gliding Motility of a Flagella

A
  • independent motility
  • slower and smoother than swimming
  • movement occurs along long axis of cell
  • requires surface contact
80
Q

Mechanisms of Flagella gliding motility

A
  1. Excretion of polysaccharide slime
  2. Type IV pili
  3. Gliding specific proteins
81
Q

Its the directed movement in response to chemical or physical gradients

A

Taxis

82
Q

Types of Taxis

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Phototaxis
  3. Aerotaxis
  4. Osmotaxis
  5. Hydrotaxis
83
Q

Type of Taxis being described:
- response to chemicals
- best studied in E.coli
- bacteria senses it with chemo receptors to respond to temporal, not spatial, difference in chemical concentration = Run and Tumble behavior

A

Chemo Taxis

84
Q

Type of Taxis being described:
- response to light

A

Phototaxis

85
Q

Type of Taxis being described:
- response to oxygen

A

Aerotaxis

86
Q

Type of Taxis being described:
- response to ionic strength

A

Osmotictaxis

87
Q

Type of Taxis being described:
- response to water

A

Hydrotaxis

88
Q

How to measure chemotaxis?

A
  • inserting capillary tube containing an attractant or repellent of motile bacteria
  • can also be seen under a microscope
89
Q

They are cells that contain a membrane enclosed nucleus and other organelles

A

Eukaryotes

90
Q

It contains the DNA of a Cell.

A

Nucleus

91
Q

Visible under light microscope without staining. Enclosed by two membranes and within it the nucleolus can be found.

A

Nucleus

92
Q

Wound around histones

A

DNA

93
Q

Site for ribosomal RNA snythesis

A

Nucleolus

94
Q

Two types of cell division

A

Mitosis and Meosis

95
Q

Cell division that is
- normal form of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells
- chromosomes are replicated and partitioned into two nuclei
- results in two diploid daughter cells

A

Mitosis

96
Q

Cell division that is
- specialized form of nuclear division
- halves the diploid number to the haploid number
- results in four haploid gametes

A

Meiosis

97
Q

These 3 parts that can be found in cells specialize in energy metabolism

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Hydrogenosome
  3. Chloroplast
98
Q

It creates energy through respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. In bacteria it may be rod or spherical shape. Over 1,000 in animals. Surrounded by two membranes.

A

Mitochondria

99
Q

Folded internal membranes of mitochondria. Contains enzymes needed for respiration and ATP production

A

Cristae

100
Q

Innermost area of mitochondrion. Contains enzymes for the oxidation of organic compounds

A

Matrix

101
Q

Its similar in size to mitochondria but lacks TCA cycle enzymes and cristae. Creates energy through oxidation of pyruvate to H2, CO2, and acetate. Trichomonas and various protists have this

A

Hydrogenosome

102
Q

Its a chlorophyll containing organelle found in phototropic eukaryotes. its size, shape, and number may vary.

A

Chloroplast

103
Q

Chloroplast have flattened membrane discs called?

A

Thylakoids

104
Q

Lumen of chloroplast is called what?

A

Stroma

105
Q

Stroma contains large amounts of _____________

A

RubisCO

106
Q

Its a key enzyme for Calvin cycle found in the Stroma

A

RubisCO

107
Q

It has ribosomes attached to it

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

108
Q

Two types of ER

A

Rough and smooth

109
Q

This type of ER participates in protein synthesis

A

Smooth ER

110
Q

This type of ER is a major producer of glycoproteins

A

Rough ER

111
Q

It is stacks of membrane distinct from but functioning in concert with ER. Modifies products of the ER destined for secretion

A

Golgi Complex

112
Q

They are 25 nm in diameter. composed of a and b tubulin. function in maintaining shape of cell, in motility, in chromosome movement, and movement of organelles

A

Microtubules

113
Q

They membrane enclosed compartments that contain digestive enzymes used for hydrolysis. It allows for lytic activity to occur within cell without damaging other cellular components

A

Lysosomes

114
Q

They are 7 nm in diameter, polymers of actin, function in maintaining shape of cell, in motility by pseudopodia, and cell division

A

Microfilaments

115
Q

They are 8 to 12 nm in diameter; has keratin protein. Function in maintaining cell shape and postioning of organelles in cell

A

Intermediate Filaments

116
Q

These organelles allow cells to move around by swimming

A

Flagella and Cilia

Micro Para Lec (7 decks)

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