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Micro Para Lec > Intro to Microbiology > Flashcards

Intro to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What two themes does Microbiology revolve around

A

Understanding basic life processes and applying knowledge to benefit humans

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2
Q

How does microbiology help us understand basic life processes

A

Microbes excellent models for understanding cellular processes in unicellular and multicellular processes.

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3
Q

How does microbiology benefit humans

A

Microbes play important roles in medicine, agriculture and industry

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4
Q

Why are microorganisms important

A
  • oldest form of life
  • Largest mass of living material on earth
  • Carry out major biogeochemical processes
  • can live in extreme environments
  • required by other life forms to survive
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5
Q

It is a dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life

A

Cell

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6
Q

what components of a cell does all microbes have in common

A
  1. Cell Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Cell wall
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7
Q

Component of a cell:
It is the aqueous mixtutre of macromolecules, ions, and ribosome

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Two types of cells

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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9
Q

A type of cellthat has no membrane enclosed organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

A type of cell that has their DNA enclosed in membrane bound nucleus, large and complex, and contains organelles.

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

A cell’s full complement of genes

A

Genome

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12
Q

It has 4.64 million base pairs and 4,300 genes

A

Escherichia coli genome

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13
Q

Has 1,000x more DNA per cell than E. coli and 7x more genes than E. coli

A

Human Cell

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14
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
chemical transformation of nutrients

A

Metabolism

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15
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
generation of two cells from one

A

Reproduction

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16
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
Synthesis of new substances or structures that modify the cell found in only some microbes

A

Differentiation

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17
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
Generation of, and response to, chemical signals that some microbes can do

A

Communication

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18
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
via self propulsion that is found in many microbes

A

Movement

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19
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
Genetic changes in cells that are transferred to offspring

A

Evolution

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20
Q

What are the 3 properties found in all cells?

A
  • Metabolism
  • Growth
  • ## Evolution
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21
Q

What are the 4 properties of a cell that is not found in all

A
  • Differentiation
  • Communication
    -Genetic exchange
  • Motility
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22
Q

How does cells carry out chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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23
Q

This is a protein catalyst found in the cell

A

Enzymes

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24
Q

DNA produces RNA

A

Transcription

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25
RNA makes protein
Translation
26
Common ancestral cell from which all cells descended
Last Universal Common Ancestor
27
How old is the earth
4.6 billion yrs old
28
process of change over time that results in new varieties and species of organism
Evolution
29
Evolutionary relationships between organisms
Phylogeny
30
What is called a population of interacting assemblages of microorganisms
microbial communities
31
Its the environment a microbial population lives in
habitat
32
Refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment
Ecosystem
33
Study of microorganisms in their natural environment
Microbial ecology
34
The activities of microbial communities can affect _________ and _________ of their habitats
chemical and physical properties
35
True or False: Ecosystems are greatly controlled by microbial activities
False - influenced not controlled
36
True or False: Microorganisms can change chemical and physical properties of their habitats through their activities
True
37
These are Archaea and Bacteria that can grow in extreme environments
Extremophiles
38
True or False: Most microbial cells found in rivers and mountains subsurface
False - oceanic and terrestrial
39
True or False: Microbial biomass is significant
True
40
True or False: Cells are key reservoirs of essential nutrients
True
41
True of False: Microorganisms can only be beneficial to humans
False both beneficial and harmful
42
True or False: Majority of the microorganisms are beneficial than harmful
True
43
True or False: Microorganisms are disease agents
True
44
Examples of positive impacts of microorganisms in agriculture
- nitrogen fixing bacteria - cellulose degrading microbes in the rumen - Regeneration of nutrients in soil and water
45
Examples of negative impacts of microorganisms in agriculture
- Diseases in plants and animals
46
Examples of positive impacts of microorganisms in GI tract
- synthesize vitamins and other nutrients - Compete with pathogens for space and resources
47
Examples of Positive impacts of microorganisms in food
- microbial transformations yield dairy products and other food products through fermentation
48
Examples of negative impacts of microorganisms in food
cause of food spoilage
49
Name examples of how microorganisms benefit humans with their genetic resources
- production of antibiotics, enzymes, and various chemicals - genetic engineering generate products like insulin (biotechnology)
50
True or False: Microbiology began with scientists
False began with microscopes
51
He is the first to describe microbes by illustrating fruiting structures of molds
Robert Hooke
52
He is the first to describe bacteria and required stronger microscopes to progress further
Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
53
He Founded the field of bacterial classification and discovered bacterial endospores
Ferdinand Cohn
54
He discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers
Louis Pasteur
55
He discovered alcoholic fermentation was biologically mediated process
Louis Pasteur
56
He disproved of theory of spontaneous generation that lead to development for controlling growth of microorganisms
Louis Pasteur
57
He developed vaccines anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies
Louis Pasteur
58
He demonstrated link between microbes and infectious diseases that identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis
Robert Koch
59
He developed techniques for obtaining pure cultures of microbes
Robert Koch
60
He was awarded the Nobel prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905
Robert Koch
61
He discovered that using solid media provided simple way to obtain pure cultures
Robert Koch
62
Word for masses of cells
Colonies
63
Field of microbiology that focuses on nonmedical aspects and roots in 20th century
Microbial Diversity
64
In the field of microbiology, who developed enrichment culture technique
Martinus Beijerinck
65
In the field of microbiology, its a technique that isolates microbes from natural samples in a highly selective fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions
Enrichment Culture Technique
66
In the field of microbiology, he proposed the concept of chemolithotrophy
Sergei Winogradsky
67
In the field of microbiology, who demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations
Sergei Winogradsky
68
Its the oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation
Chemolithotrophy
69
in the 20th century, microbiology developed in two distinct directions
Applied and Basic
70
It is fueled by the genomics revolution
Molecular microbiology
71
Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology: - infectious diseases
Medical Microbiology
72
Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology: - Immune system
Immunology
73
Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology: - Microbes associated with soil
Agricultural Microbiology
74
Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology: - Production of antibiotics, alcohol, and other chemicals
Industrial Microbiology
75
Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology: - water, wastewater, and drinking water
Aquatic microbiology
76
Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology: - Products of genetically engineered microorganisms
Biotechnology
77
Basic Science subdisciplines in microbiology: - science of grouping and classifying microorganisms
Microbial systematics
78
Basic Science subdisciplines in microbiology: - study of nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and products that they generate
Microbial Physiology
79
Study of microbial diversity and activity in natural habitats
Microbiology ecology
80
Basic Science subdisciplines in microbiology: - study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions
Microbial biochemistry
81
Basic Science subdisciplines in microbiology: - study of heredity and variation in bacteria
Bacterial genetics
82
Basic Science subdisciplines in microbiology: - Study of viruses
Virology
83
Study of all genetic material like DNA in living cells
Genomics
84
Study of RNA patterns
Transcriptions
85
Study of all the proteins produced by cells
Proteomics
86
Study of metabolic expression in cells
Metabolomics
87
What is the stomachs pH and cells/g
pH = 2 10000 cells/g
88
what are the 3 infectious diseases during the 1900s
Influenza, pneumonia, and Tuberculosis

Micro Para Lec (7 decks)

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