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Micro Para Lec > Intro to Microbiology > Flashcards

Intro to Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What two themes does Microbiology revolve around

A

Understanding basic life processes and applying knowledge to benefit humans

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2
Q

How does microbiology help us understand basic life processes

A

Microbes excellent models for understanding cellular processes in unicellular and multicellular processes.

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3
Q

How does microbiology benefit humans

A

Microbes play important roles in medicine, agriculture and industry

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4
Q

Why are microorganisms important

A
  • oldest form of life
  • Largest mass of living material on earth
  • Carry out major biogeochemical processes
  • can live in extreme environments
  • required by other life forms to survive
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5
Q

It is a dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life

A

Cell

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6
Q

what components of a cell does all microbes have in common

A
  1. Cell Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Cell wall
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7
Q

Component of a cell:
It is the aqueous mixtutre of macromolecules, ions, and ribosome

A

Cytoplasm

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8
Q

Two types of cells

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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9
Q

A type of cellthat has no membrane enclosed organelles

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

A type of cell that has their DNA enclosed in membrane bound nucleus, large and complex, and contains organelles.

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

A cell’s full complement of genes

A

Genome

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12
Q

It has 4.64 million base pairs and 4,300 genes

A

Escherichia coli genome

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13
Q

Has 1,000x more DNA per cell than E. coli and 7x more genes than E. coli

A

Human Cell

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14
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
chemical transformation of nutrients

A

Metabolism

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15
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
generation of two cells from one

A

Reproduction

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16
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
Synthesis of new substances or structures that modify the cell found in only some microbes

A

Differentiation

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17
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
Generation of, and response to, chemical signals that some microbes can do

A

Communication

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18
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
via self propulsion that is found in many microbes

A

Movement

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19
Q

Characteristics of Living Cells:
Genetic changes in cells that are transferred to offspring

A

Evolution

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20
Q

What are the 3 properties found in all cells?

A
  • Metabolism
  • Growth
  • ## Evolution
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21
Q

What are the 4 properties of a cell that is not found in all

A
  • Differentiation
  • Communication
    -Genetic exchange
  • Motility
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22
Q

How does cells carry out chemical reactions

A

Enzymes

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23
Q

This is a protein catalyst found in the cell

A

Enzymes

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24
Q

DNA produces RNA

A

Transcription

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25
Q

RNA makes protein

A

Translation

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26
Q

Common ancestral cell from which all cells descended

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

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27
Q

How old is the earth

A

4.6 billion yrs old

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28
Q

process of change over time that results in new varieties and species of organism

A

Evolution

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29
Q

Evolutionary relationships between organisms

A

Phylogeny

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30
Q

What is called a population of interacting assemblages of microorganisms

A

microbial communities

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31
Q

Its the environment a microbial population lives in

A

habitat

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32
Q

Refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment

A

Ecosystem

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33
Q

Study of microorganisms in their natural environment

A

Microbial ecology

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34
Q

The activities of microbial communities can affect _________ and _________ of their habitats

A

chemical and physical properties

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35
Q

True or False:
Ecosystems are greatly controlled by microbial activities

A

False
- influenced not controlled

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36
Q

True or False:
Microorganisms can change chemical and physical properties of their habitats through their activities

A

True

37
Q

These are Archaea and Bacteria that can grow in extreme environments

A

Extremophiles

38
Q

True or False:
Most microbial cells found in rivers and mountains subsurface

A

False
- oceanic and terrestrial

39
Q

True or False:
Microbial biomass is significant

A

True

40
Q

True or False:
Cells are key reservoirs of essential nutrients

A

True

41
Q

True of False:
Microorganisms can only be beneficial to humans

A

False
both beneficial and harmful

42
Q

True or False:
Majority of the microorganisms are beneficial than harmful

A

True

43
Q

True or False:
Microorganisms are disease agents

A

True

44
Q

Examples of positive impacts of microorganisms in agriculture

A
  • nitrogen fixing bacteria
  • cellulose degrading microbes in the rumen
  • Regeneration of nutrients in soil and water
45
Q

Examples of negative impacts of microorganisms in agriculture

A
  • Diseases in plants and animals
46
Q

Examples of positive impacts of microorganisms in GI tract

A
  • synthesize vitamins and other nutrients
  • Compete with pathogens for space and resources
47
Q

Examples of Positive impacts of microorganisms in food

A
  • microbial transformations yield dairy products and other food products through fermentation
48
Q

Examples of negative impacts of microorganisms in food

A

cause of food spoilage

49
Q

Name examples of how microorganisms benefit humans with their genetic resources

A
  • production of antibiotics, enzymes, and various chemicals
  • genetic engineering generate products like insulin (biotechnology)
50
Q

True or False:
Microbiology began with scientists

A

False
began with microscopes

51
Q

He is the first to describe microbes by illustrating fruiting structures of molds

A

Robert Hooke

52
Q

He is the first to describe bacteria and required stronger microscopes to progress further

A

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

53
Q

He Founded the field of bacterial classification and discovered bacterial endospores

A

Ferdinand Cohn

54
Q

He discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers

A

Louis Pasteur

55
Q

He discovered alcoholic fermentation was biologically mediated process

A

Louis Pasteur

56
Q

He disproved of theory of spontaneous generation that lead to development for controlling growth of microorganisms

A

Louis Pasteur

57
Q

He developed vaccines anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies

A

Louis Pasteur

58
Q

He demonstrated link between microbes and infectious diseases that identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis

A

Robert Koch

59
Q

He developed techniques for obtaining pure cultures of microbes

A

Robert Koch

60
Q

He was awarded the Nobel prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905

A

Robert Koch

61
Q

He discovered that using solid media provided simple way to obtain pure cultures

A

Robert Koch

62
Q

Word for masses of cells

A

Colonies

63
Q

Field of microbiology that focuses on nonmedical aspects and roots in 20th century

A

Microbial Diversity

64
Q

In the field of microbiology, who developed enrichment culture technique

A

Martinus Beijerinck

65
Q

In the field of microbiology, its a technique that isolates microbes from natural samples in a highly selective fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions

A

Enrichment Culture Technique

66
Q

In the field of microbiology, he proposed the concept of chemolithotrophy

A

Sergei Winogradsky

67
Q

In the field of microbiology, who demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations

A

Sergei Winogradsky

68
Q

Its the oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation

A

Chemolithotrophy

69
Q

in the 20th century, microbiology developed in two distinct directions

A

Applied and Basic

70
Q

It is fueled by the genomics revolution

A

Molecular microbiology

71
Q

Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology:
- infectious diseases

A

Medical Microbiology

72
Q

Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology:
- Immune system

A

Immunology

73
Q

Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology:
- Microbes associated with soil

A

Agricultural Microbiology

74
Q

Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology:
- Production of antibiotics, alcohol, and other chemicals

A

Industrial Microbiology

75
Q

Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology:
- water, wastewater, and drinking water

A

Aquatic microbiology

76
Q

Major subdisciplines in applied microbiology:
- Products of genetically engineered microorganisms

A

Biotechnology

77
Q

Basic Science subdisciplines in microbiology:
- science of grouping and classifying microorganisms

A

Microbial systematics

78
Q

Basic Science subdisciplines in microbiology:
- study of nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and products that they generate

A

Microbial Physiology

79
Q

Study of microbial diversity and activity in natural habitats

A

Microbiology ecology

80
Q

Basic Science subdisciplines in microbiology:
- study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions

A

Microbial biochemistry

81
Q

Basic Science subdisciplines in microbiology:
- study of heredity and variation in bacteria

A

Bacterial genetics

82
Q

Basic Science subdisciplines in microbiology:
- Study of viruses

A

Virology

83
Q

Study of all genetic material like DNA in living cells

A

Genomics

84
Q

Study of RNA patterns

A

Transcriptions

85
Q

Study of all the proteins produced by cells

A

Proteomics

86
Q

Study of metabolic expression in cells

A

Metabolomics

87
Q

What is the stomachs pH and cells/g

A

pH = 2
10000 cells/g

88
Q

what are the 3 infectious diseases during the 1900s

A

Influenza, pneumonia, and Tuberculosis

Micro Para Lec (7 decks)

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