microbes lecture- antibiotic resistance Flashcards
how have antibiotics changed the world?
Many bacterial infections could now be cured
Vaccines: Poliomyelitis (polio), diptheria, tetanus, whooping cough, measles, mumps and rubella were all virtually wiped out during the second half of the 20th century, after childhood immunisation was introduced.
Hygiene, sanitation and overcrowded living conditions were all improved reducing transmission rates
what were the important dates for antibiotics?
1943-61 was the golden era of antibiotic discovery
1970s-80s- targeted orientated screening
1990s- discovery are void
why were antibiotics introduced quicker earlier on?
time from discovery to market was much shorter in the 1940s- 60s
what do antibiotics do for modern medicine?
Antibiotics cure infections
Routine surgeries rely on antibiotics to prevent/treat surgical site infections
Organ transplantation relies on the use of immune system suppressing drugs, which makes patients more vulnerable to infection
Chemotherapy and other cancer treatments again affect the bodies immune system, making antibiotics essential for this patient group
One of the leading causes of death in childbirth worldwide, and top 5 in the UK, is infections and sepsis*.
what is the cost of antibiotic resistance?
Antibiotic resistance was directly responsible for 1.27million global deaths in 2019
Antibiotic resistance contributed to 4.95million deathsin 2019
Antibiotic resistance affects countries in all regions and at all income levels, but poverty & inequality exacerbates the drivers and consequences
what are the causes of antibiotic resistance?
-over prescribing of antibiotics
-patients not finishing their treatment
-over use of antibiotics in livestock and fish farming
-poor infection control in hospitals and clinics
-lack of hygiene and poor sanitation
-lack of new antibiotics being developed
what happens if patients don’t finish their antibiotic treatments?
Bacteria take advantage of any opportunity to multiply
As they multiply, they can mutate
Low level of antibiotic not enough to kill the bateria or stop it growing can still promote the evelopment of resistance
Completing the full course helps ensure that as many bacteria as possible are eradicated, reducing the chance that any resistant bacteria survive to develop and spread
how do antibiotics work?
Nucleic acid synthesis:target the machinery that makes DNA and RNA
Ribosomal function:target the machinery that produces proteins, such as the ribosome and associated proteins
Cell wall: target the synthesis of the cell wall
Cell membrane:target the plasma membrane integrity of the bacterial cell
Inhibition of cell metabolism and growth:inhibit folic acid biosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation of ATP synthase
how do B-lactam antibiotics work?
Beta-lactam antibiotics workby binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) in bacteria, which prevents the cross-linking of the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall
The bacteria swells, ruptures, and dies due to an osmotic gradient.
what types of resistance are there?
intrinsic and acquired
what are the mechanisms of resistance?
Reduced drug uptake
-Enzymatic degradation
-Target modification
-Increased drug efflux
