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BIS 2C > Microbes > Flashcards

Microbes Flashcards

Learn vocabulary and concepts associated with microbes

1
Q

LUCA

A

Last universal common ancestor

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2
Q

Eocyte Tree

A

Proposed eukaryotes as a branch of archaea

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3
Q

Ether linkage

A

Membrane lipids in archaeal phospholipids

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4
Q

Esther Linkage

A

Membrane lipids in bacterial phospholipids

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual prokaryote reproduction (vertical transmission) that gives rise to clones

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6
Q

Plasmid

A

Extra chromosomal DNA that is circular

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7
Q

Lateral Gene Transfer

A

Horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes that can happen from farther distances

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8
Q

Conjugation

A

Plasmid or piece of chromosome transferred via sex pilus

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9
Q

Transformation

A

Outside portion of genome transferred via crossing over or recombination

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10
Q

Transduction

A

Takes host DNA to other cell via phage

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11
Q

Anaerobes

A

Bacteria/archaea that do not tolerate and may be killed by oxygen

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12
Q

Aerotolerants

A

Bacteria/archaea that tolerate but can’t use oxygen

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13
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Bacteria/archaea aerobes that can use oxygen only at reduced levels

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14
Q

Facultative

A

Bacteria/archaea that can live with or without oxygen but prefer oxygen

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15
Q

Aerobes

A

Bacteria/archaea that require oxygen to live

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16
Q

Gram positive

A

A dense cell wall that is more resistant

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17
Q

Gram negative

A

A thin cell wall

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18
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Light; Co2
Plants

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19
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Light; Organic compound

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20
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Chemical; Organic compound
Humans

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21
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Chemical; Co2

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22
Q

Extremophyles

A

An organism that can tolerate extreme environments

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23
Q

Great Plate Count Anomaly

A

Many microbes will appear on a plate but only few will culture successfully

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24
Q

Virus

A

Noncellular infectious agents that can only replicate inside living cells of organisms

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25
Q

What are the main components of a virus?

A

nuclein acid and a protein coat (aka capsid)

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26
Q

Virion

A

Extracellular form of a virus that contains a RNA/DNA genome

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27
Q

Capsid

A

A protein shell that encloses the genetic material

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28
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Capsid + Nucleic Acid genome

29
Q

Envelope

A

It allows viruses to go in and out of host cells through the cell membrane (fuse)

30
Q

Eclipse phase

A

The time when a cell attaches to a host and begins virus production successfully

31
Q

Maturation phase

A

Transition of a non-infectious to a infectious virion

32
Q

Plaques

A

A circular clearing in a lawn of bacteria growing on the surface of a nutrient agar gel

33
Q

Lytic

A

Virus life cycle that involves the destruction of the host and replicates independent of host

34
Q

Lysogenic

A

Virus life cycle where viral DNA is incorporated into host cell chromosome and replicated with host DNA

35
Q

Mutualism

A

+/+ : Both organisms benefit

36
Q

Commensalism

A

+/0 : One organism benefits and the other has no effect

37
Q

Parasitism

A

+/- : One organism benefits at the other organism’s expense

38
Q

Parasite

A

An organism living in or on another organisms at the expense of that organism

39
Q

Pathogen

A

A biological agent that causes disease/sickness to host

40
Q

Infectious disease

A

A disease that is caused by a pathogen which can spread from diseased to healthy host

41
Q

Non-infectious disease

A

A disease that is caused by environmental factors/genetics and can’t be passed

42
Q

Zoonotic disease

A

A disease transfer from animal to human
(Genetic reassortment)

43
Q

How much of the tree of life is microbial?

A

Almost all! excluding eukaryotes

44
Q

Why was the rRNA selected for reconstructing phylogeny?

A

rRNA is highly conserved between different species of bacteria and archaea and everybody has it (consistent)

45
Q

Why have microbes been difficult to place on the tree of life historically?

A

There is no fossil record
Microsporidiutum characteristics (no mitochondria)

46
Q

How did Carl Woese arrive at the three domains tree?

A

He used the data he sequenced from rRNA

47
Q

How is the eocyte tree different from the three domains tree?

A

It shows eukaryotes branching off from archaea rather than being their own branch

48
Q

What are the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Nucleus and Membrane bound organelles

49
Q

What are the differences between bacteria and archaea?

A

Peptidoglycan presence
Esther vs Ether linkage

50
Q

Why do microorganisms develop resistance to antibiotics?

A

Through mutation and rapid replication and selection

51
Q

How is binary fission different from mitosis?

A

It is simpler and faster and environmental influence. It is also by means of asexual reproduction

52
Q

How is genetic variation introduced during binary fission?

A

A plasmid and mutation

53
Q

What are the similarities and differences between LGT and sexual reproduction in eukaryotes?

A

SIMILARITIES: both create genetic combinations; recombination
DIFFERENCES: LGT only part of genome, can occur over large distances, not linked to reproduction, and has multiple possible mechanisms

54
Q

How can genetic variation be introduced in microorganisms?

A

Mutations and LGT recombination

55
Q

What are the three possible methods for LGT?

A

Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction

56
Q

What are some examples of traits introduced by LGT?

A

Anitbiotic resistance and virulence attributes and metabolic properties

57
Q

What is the impact of LGT on phylogeny reconstruction?

A

May cause confusion of how traits appear (complicate)

58
Q

How do organisms obtain carbon and energy?

A

Bacteria and archaea are diverse in how they obtain
Eukaryotes are metabollically linked

59
Q

How is LGT important for biotechnology?

A

Used in research labs to produce medicine
EX: insulin

60
Q

How are microbes grouped according to the temperature?

A

Psychrophiles-Hyperthermophiles
(cold-hot)

61
Q

Why is it that so many microbes can’t be cultivated?

A

It is hard to replicate the numerous different and complex environments they need to survive

62
Q

How does the Gram stain work?

A

It involved the ability of the cell wall to retain violet dye during treatment. It determines the thickness based on peptidoglycan content and lipid content

63
Q

How are plant viruses able to infect a plant?

A

Either by an open wound or via an insect

64
Q

What is the replication cycle of a virus?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Replication (DNA and protein synthesis)
  4. Self Assembly
  5. Exit and re-locate
65
Q

Why are viruses important for ecosystem function?

A

Carbon and nitrogen systems and marine ecosystems to circulate

66
Q

What are the sources of human diseases?

A

bacteria, viruses, parasites
Host jumps and Zoonotic

67
Q

How do you get inoculated with microorganisms when you are born?

A

Microbes from mother in numerous ways (breast, milk, vagina, uterus)

68
Q

Why are microbiomes of various body parts so similar between individuals?

A

They perform specific functional capabilities and have certain purposes within those areas

69
Q

What are benefits of carrying your gut microbiome?

A

The gut microbiome has several health benefits relating to weight, immune system, and metabolism

BIS 2C (6 decks)

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