Microbal Genetics

Question 1

What are nucleic acids made up of?

Answer 1

Composed of nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar group, three phosphate groups

Question 2

What are pyrimidines?

Answer 2

Nucleic acid that has six carbon rings

Question 3

What are purines ?

Answer 3

Nucleic acids consisting of two joined carbon rings with five and six members

Question 4

DNA structure is…..

Answer 4

A matches with T
G matches with C
Sequence runs from 5’ to 3’

Question 5

Explain central dogma of genetic information?

Answer 5

DNA—–Trancription—-RNA–Translation—–Protein

Question 6

How many hydrogen bonds does AT have? GC have?

Answer 6

AT=2hydrogen bonds

GC= 3 hydrogen bonds

Question 7

Explain DNA replication

Answer 7

Helicases unwind the double helix
Single stranded binding proteins stabilize unwound DNA
Leading strand is synthesized in 5’–3’ direction by DNA polymerase
Lagging strand is synthesized

Question 8

What are three types of RNA?

Answer 8

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

Question 9

List major differences between DNA and RNA?

Answer 9

1. DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded
2. Deoxyribose sugar, vs. ribose sugar
3. DNA has thymidynic acid, RNA has Uridynic acid
4. DNA has AT pairing, RNA has AU pairing
5. DNA has nuclear location, RNA has cytoplasmic location

Question 10

What are subunits of bacteria ribosomes ?

Answer 10

50s and 30s

Question 11

What are frameshift mutations?

Answer 11

Inserting or deleting number of BP other than a multiple of 3

Question 12

What is nonsense mutation?

Answer 12

Change in a termination codon, resulting in premature termination

Question 13

What is transformation of DNA?

Answer 13

Acquisition of new genetic markers by incorporation of added DNA

Question 14

What is transduction of DNA?

Answer 14

Transfer of bacterial gene from one to another by a phage

Question 15

What is electrophoresis?

Answer 15

DNA is separated by electrophoretic field
Negative charged molecules go to positively charged end
The smaller molecules go faster

Question 16

What is restriction fragment length polymorphism?

Answer 16

Restriction enzymes, cut DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences

Question 17

What is hybridization?

Answer 17

Denatured, single stranded DNA

Probe binds to complementary single stranded sequences

Question 18

What is target amplification?

Answer 18

Enzyme mediated process to synthesize copies of targeted nucleic acid

Question 19

What is real time or quantitative PCR?

Answer 19

Probe or dye to generate a fluorescent signal from the product

Question 20

Is DNA replication semiconservative?

Answer 20

Yes, parent strand and daughter strand are both included in new molecule

Question 21

What is a missense mutation?

Answer 21

Change in codon leads to change in amino acid sequence, which changes protein function

Question 22

Can DNA, RNA and proteins be used to help identify the pathogenic agents ?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

How do you detect proteins?

Answer 23

Western blot, proteomics