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Principles Of Infectious Diseases > Clinical Microbiology > Flashcards

Clinical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

List 7 specimen types?

A 
Blood
Tissues
Scraps/Swabs
Transudate
Urine 
Feces
Vomit
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2
Q

What is the first and most critical step in diagnostic testing?

A

Proper specimen collection

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3
Q

Should specimens be collected before antibiotics/ treatment?

A

Yes

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4
Q

How can one eliminate the possibility of having normal flora in a specimen in dog pyoderma?

A

Remove fluid from intact pustule

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5
Q

How can one eliminate normal flora from a urine sample?

A

Remove urine directly from bladder with sterile syringe

Cystocentesis

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6
Q

Does the specimen type depend on suspected viral infection and patient symptoms?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are two phenotypic methods of diagnostic testing?

A

Microscopic examination

Culture/biochemical tests

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8
Q

What are two immunochemical and serological methods of diagnostic testing?

A

Blood

Binding of specific antibodies or antigens

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9
Q

Success of parasite diagnosis by phenotypic techniques depends on what?

A

Stage of infection
Animal age and species
Special technique procedure
Severity of infection/parasite type

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10
Q

What are some disadvantages to cytology?

A

Mild/chronic infection may not be detected

Not all samples are appropriate

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11
Q

Can viruses cause specific changes in tissues, resulting in different cell structure, organization and morphology?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What is Ramanowksy stain?

A

Diff-quik/ Wrights stain

Can identify sample abnormatlies, bacterial and parasite infections

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13
Q

Are viral infections cultured?

A

No

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14
Q

Should you culture if a organism is slow to grow in culture?

A

No

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15
Q

Name three different culture options?

A

Agar (solid)
Broth (liquid)
Biochemical testing

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16
Q

What are three types of agar culture options ?

A

Nutrient media
Selective media
Differential media

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17
Q

What are two types of broth culture options?

A

Nutrient broth

Enrichment broth

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18
Q

What agar would you use for gram negative organisms?

A

Espinosa methylene blue agar

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19
Q

What is an example of differential media?

A

Blood agar

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20
Q

Antigens from pathogens can be what?

A

The whole pathogen itself
A molecule produced by the pathogen
Pathogen molecules presented on surface of host cell

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21
Q

What are two common specimens for antibodies?

A

IgG: Blood, tissue fluids
IgM: Blood

22
Q

In what phase of disease should you collect specimen?

A

Acute phase

23
Q

What is ELISA?

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

Superficial antigen or antibody detection

24
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Where particles clump together

A antibody and antigen interaction

25
Q

What is molecular diagnostics ?

A

Identification of markers in genome or proteome

26
Q

What is MALDI-TOF?

A

Type of mass spectrometry that detects pathogens by their mass and charge

27
Q

What are some advantages of molecular diagnostics ?

A

Faster than culture based methods
Highly sensitive
Accurate
High volume testing

28
Q

What are consequences of incorrect specimen collection and mishandling?

A

Infection of other patients/public/workers

29
Q

Are culture based methods good for detecting parasites and viruses ?

A

No

30
Q

What do biochemical tests help?

A

Identify differences in enzyme production, carbon source usage, carbohydrate fermentation

31
Q

What do SNAP tests do?

A

Antigen to antibody detection

Can measure several infectious diseases in 1 test

32
Q

Bacteria can require resistance by what three things?

A

Mutation
Horizontal gene transfer
Conjugation

33
Q

What are consequences of antimicrobal resistance?

A

Increased patient mortality

Risks of zoonotic transmission

34
Q

What are economic consequences of antimicrobal resistance?

A

More visits, lab tests, therapies
Prolonged hospitalization
Costs for surveillance and intervention programs

35
Q

What are three superbugs of antimicrobal resistance?

A

ESBL producing E. Coli
MRSA
MRSP

36
Q

What are two clinically relevant resistant bacteria in food borne zoonotic bacteria?

A

Salmonella ( resistance to cephalosporins)

Campylobacter (resistance to macrolides)

37
Q

What are two reasons antimicrobal resistance is a problem?

A

Food animal use has public health consequences

Companion animal use has animal health consequences

38
Q

What is MRSA? Why is it a problem?

A

Methcillain resitance staphylococcus aureus
It has acquired a resistance gene called mecA that encodes for penicillin binding protein (PBP2A) that has low affinity to B-lactams

39
Q

What is ESBL? Why is it a problem?

A

Extended spectrum beta lactamase
It is an enzyme that inactivated most B-lactams (except carbapenems)
It is produced by gram negative bacteria

40
Q

What are true ESBL’s susceptible to?

A

B-lactamase inhibits such as clavulanic acid

41
Q

Is antimicrobial resistance a quantitative property?

A

Yes

42
Q

What are two methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing?

A 
Dilution methods (broth and agar) 
Diffusion methods (agar, E-test, disk diffusion test)
43
Q

What are dilution methods of AST?

A

Enable quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility by determining minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration

44
Q

What are diffusion methods for AST?

A

Use antimicrobial fished strips/disks to measure inhibition

45
Q

What is a breakpoint of AST?

A

Drug specific value to interpret the results of susceptivity testing and determine if an antibacterial is potentially useful in treatment

46
Q

What does one need to due to set a breakpoint for AST?

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration
PD/PK index
Clinical trails

47
Q

What is a wild-type bacteria?

A

Species that does not have any acquired resistance genes and or mutations increasing the MIC of the antimicrobial agent

48
Q

What two drugs are used for detection of MRSA/MRSP because mecA is poorly expressed in lab media?

A

Oxacillin
Cefoxitin

Strains resistant to these should be regarded as resistant to all B-lactams

49
Q

How would you select a drug?

A

Pathogen involved
Drug properties
Host specific
Build up of resistance

50
Q

Should you minimize use of broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

Yes

51
Q

When should you culture?

A

When there is no response to therapy, there was previous antibiotic treatment, history of relapse

52
Q

What should every clinic have?

A

A formal infection control program, a written manual, and an infection control practitioner

Principles Of Infectious Diseases (6 decks)

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