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Principles Of Infectious Diseases > Clinical Microbiology > Flashcards

Clinical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

List 7 specimen types?

A 
Blood
Tissues
Scraps/Swabs
Transudate
Urine 
Feces
Vomit
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2
Q

What is the first and most critical step in diagnostic testing?

A

Proper specimen collection

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3
Q

Should specimens be collected before antibiotics/ treatment?

A

Yes

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4
Q

How can one eliminate the possibility of having normal flora in a specimen in dog pyoderma?

A

Remove fluid from intact pustule

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5
Q

How can one eliminate normal flora from a urine sample?

A

Remove urine directly from bladder with sterile syringe

Cystocentesis

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6
Q

Does the specimen type depend on suspected viral infection and patient symptoms?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are two phenotypic methods of diagnostic testing?

A

Microscopic examination

Culture/biochemical tests

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8
Q

What are two immunochemical and serological methods of diagnostic testing?

A

Blood

Binding of specific antibodies or antigens

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9
Q

Success of parasite diagnosis by phenotypic techniques depends on what?

A

Stage of infection
Animal age and species
Special technique procedure
Severity of infection/parasite type

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10
Q

What are some disadvantages to cytology?

A

Mild/chronic infection may not be detected

Not all samples are appropriate

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11
Q

Can viruses cause specific changes in tissues, resulting in different cell structure, organization and morphology?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What is Ramanowksy stain?

A

Diff-quik/ Wrights stain

Can identify sample abnormatlies, bacterial and parasite infections

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13
Q

Are viral infections cultured?

A

No

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14
Q

Should you culture if a organism is slow to grow in culture?

A

No

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15
Q

Name three different culture options?

A

Agar (solid)
Broth (liquid)
Biochemical testing

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16
Q

What are three types of agar culture options ?

A

Nutrient media
Selective media
Differential media

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17
Q

What are two types of broth culture options?

A

Nutrient broth

Enrichment broth

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18
Q

What agar would you use for gram negative organisms?

A

Espinosa methylene blue agar

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19
Q

What is an example of differential media?

A

Blood agar

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20
Q

Antigens from pathogens can be what?

A

The whole pathogen itself
A molecule produced by the pathogen
Pathogen molecules presented on surface of host cell

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21
Q

What are two common specimens for antibodies?

A

IgG: Blood, tissue fluids
IgM: Blood

22
Q

In what phase of disease should you collect specimen?

A

Acute phase

23
Q

What is ELISA?

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

Superficial antigen or antibody detection

24
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Where particles clump together

A antibody and antigen interaction

25
What is molecular diagnostics ?
Identification of markers in genome or proteome
26
What is MALDI-TOF?
Type of mass spectrometry that detects pathogens by their mass and charge
27
What are some advantages of molecular diagnostics ?
Faster than culture based methods Highly sensitive Accurate High volume testing
28
What are consequences of incorrect specimen collection and mishandling?
Infection of other patients/public/workers
29
Are culture based methods good for detecting parasites and viruses ?
No
30
What do biochemical tests help?
Identify differences in enzyme production, carbon source usage, carbohydrate fermentation
31
What do SNAP tests do?
Antigen to antibody detection | Can measure several infectious diseases in 1 test
32
Bacteria can require resistance by what three things?
Mutation Horizontal gene transfer Conjugation
33
What are consequences of antimicrobal resistance?
Increased patient mortality | Risks of zoonotic transmission
34
What are economic consequences of antimicrobal resistance?
More visits, lab tests, therapies Prolonged hospitalization Costs for surveillance and intervention programs
35
What are three superbugs of antimicrobal resistance?
ESBL producing E. Coli MRSA MRSP
36
What are two clinically relevant resistant bacteria in food borne zoonotic bacteria?
Salmonella ( resistance to cephalosporins) | Campylobacter (resistance to macrolides)
37
What are two reasons antimicrobal resistance is a problem?
Food animal use has public health consequences | Companion animal use has animal health consequences
38
What is MRSA? Why is it a problem?
Methcillain resitance staphylococcus aureus It has acquired a resistance gene called mecA that encodes for penicillin binding protein (PBP2A) that has low affinity to B-lactams
39
What is ESBL? Why is it a problem?
Extended spectrum beta lactamase It is an enzyme that inactivated most B-lactams (except carbapenems) It is produced by gram negative bacteria
40
What are true ESBL's susceptible to?
B-lactamase inhibits such as clavulanic acid
41
Is antimicrobial resistance a quantitative property?
Yes
42
What are two methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing?
``` Dilution methods (broth and agar) Diffusion methods (agar, E-test, disk diffusion test) ```
43
What are dilution methods of AST?
Enable quantification of antimicrobial susceptibility by determining minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
44
What are diffusion methods for AST?
Use antimicrobial fished strips/disks to measure inhibition
45
What is a breakpoint of AST?
Drug specific value to interpret the results of susceptivity testing and determine if an antibacterial is potentially useful in treatment
46
What does one need to due to set a breakpoint for AST?
Minimum inhibitory concentration PD/PK index Clinical trails
47
What is a wild-type bacteria?
Species that does not have any acquired resistance genes and or mutations increasing the MIC of the antimicrobial agent
48
What two drugs are used for detection of MRSA/MRSP because mecA is poorly expressed in lab media?
Oxacillin Cefoxitin Strains resistant to these should be regarded as resistant to all B-lactams
49
How would you select a drug?
Pathogen involved Drug properties Host specific Build up of resistance
50
Should you minimize use of broad spectrum antibiotics?
Yes
51
When should you culture?
When there is no response to therapy, there was previous antibiotic treatment, history of relapse
52
What should every clinic have?
A formal infection control program, a written manual, and an infection control practitioner

Principles Of Infectious Diseases (6 decks)

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