Microanatomy of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

The tunica albuginea divides the testes into ______________.

A

lobules

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2
Q

Inside the lobules are _____________.

A

seminiferous tubules (where spermatogenesis takes place)

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3
Q

After spermatogenesis, what structure do sperm pass through to get to the ductus deferens?

A

The rete testes

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4
Q

Sperm enter the epididymis at the _________.

A

head of the epididymis

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5
Q

Where are Leydig cells?

A

Outside the tubules

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6
Q

Describe what a histologic slide of the seminiferous tubules looks like.

A

It is divided into ducts. The tissue that surrounds the ducts is spermatogonia.

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7
Q

The cells on the basal layer of the seminiferous tubule with larger nuclei are ________________.

A

spermatogonia

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8
Q

The spermatogonia divide to produce ___________.

A

first spermatocytes (the cells that undergo the first meiosis)

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9
Q

Secondary spermatocytes divide to produce ____________.

A

haploid spermatids (which then develop into sperm)

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10
Q

The vasculature is all ___________ to the seminiferous tubules.

A

outside

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11
Q

What lines the inside of the ductus deferens?

A

Ciliated epithelium that helps propel sperm along

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12
Q

The ductus deferens is composed of ______________.

A

fibromuscular tissue

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13
Q

What is in the spermatic cord?

A

Ductus deferens (largest cord; fibromuscular)
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus

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14
Q

The vas deferens has three layers of muscle: ___________________.

A

Innermost: inner longitudinal
Middle: circular
Outmost: outer longitudinal

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15
Q

The entire length of the ductus deferens is __________ epithelium.

A

columnar

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16
Q

The _______________ are composed of a honeycomb-like network of fibromuscular tissue.

A

seminal glands

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17
Q

The PSA detects what type of protein?

A

A protease

18
Q

Primary spermatocytes have what genetic makeup?

A

4C

19
Q

Secondary spermatocytes have what genetic makeup?

A

2C

20
Q

Why do the ovaries have a thin covering?

A

Because the oocytes need to pass through the outer layer

21
Q

Describe the cellular orientation of the ovary.

A

The oocyte is surrounded by the zona pellucidum. The zona pellucidum is surrounded by granulosa cells. The granulosa cells are surrounded by thecal cells.

22
Q

The capsule of the ovary is within which cell layer?

A

Thecal

23
Q

When does the oocyte become haploid?

A

When the second polar body is released (just before fertilization)

24
Q

True or false: spermatozoa are motile.

A

False. The spermatozoa arise from the spermatogonia, but they are still immotile.

25
Q

The ductuli efferentes lead from the _____________ to the _______________.

A

rete testis; epididymis

26
Q

What is the ejaculatory duct?

A

The union of the ductus deferens with the seminal glands

27
Q

Differentiate spermatogenesis from spermiogenesis.

A

Spermatogenesis: production of male gametes
Spermiogenesis: production of haploid sperm

28
Q

How will Sertoli cells appear on microscopic examination?

A

Cells on the periphery of the seminiferous tubule with pale nuclei and dark nucleoli

29
Q

How do Sertoli cells help concentrate testosterone in the seminiferous tubules?

A

First, they form tight junctions that separate the seminiferous tubules from the blood. Second, they secrete androgen-binding protein into the seminiferous tubules, which binds testosterone and traps it in the seminiferous tubules.

30
Q

When do sperm become motile?

A

Midway through the epididymis

31
Q

Where in the prostate does carcinoma most often present?

A

On the periphery (this is contrast to BPH, which most often presents in the center)

32
Q

True or false: the deep dorsal vein of the penis is adjacent to the deep penile artery.

A

False. The deep penile arteries are within the corpus cavernosa, while the deep penile veins are posterior to the corpus cavernosa.

33
Q

What stage are the female germ cells in for the longest time?

A

Meiosis I; they divide mitotically up to about five months’ gestation and then enter meiosis I until ovulation

34
Q

The ovary is covered by _________________.

A

germinal epithelium (which is actually just mesothelium that was originally thought to be germinal cell in origin)

35
Q

_____________ follicles become ____________ follicles. Those follicles then acquire a layer of surrounding cells and are called ____________ follicles. During and after puberty, some of those undergo proliferations of thecal and granulosa cells and become _____________ follicles.

A

Primordial; primary; secondary; Graafian or antral

36
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

The follicle after it has secreted its oocyte

The thecal cells develop into an endocrine organ, but if fertilization does not occur, then the corpus luteum degenerates to the corpus albicans.

37
Q

What hormone leads to the enlargement of the corpus luteum in fertilization?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

38
Q

True or false: the uterus comprises three layers –the myometrium, endometrium, and epimetrium.

A

False. The outer layer is called the serosal layer.

39
Q

Which part of the uterine wall responds to hormones throughout the menstrual cycle?

A

The functionalis, which is the most superficial layer of the endometrium (superficial to the basalis). It expands in response to progesterone and shrivels when progesterone ceases.

40
Q

What happens to the mammary glands during pregnancy?

A

Prolactin stimulates milk production and growth of the glands

41
Q

Looking at a cross section of seminiferous tubules, what cells will appear with broken up chromatin?

A

Primary spermatocytes (which broke off of spermatogonia and are in meiosis I)

42
Q

How might you be able to distinguish spermatids on histologic cross-section?

A

They will have long, compact nuclei