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BCSE Microanatomy I > Microanatomy Exam II Material > Flashcards

Microanatomy Exam II Material Flashcards

1
Q

Growth Plate: Identify the zones

A
  1. Zone of Reserve Cartilage
  2. Zone of Proliferation
  3. Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage
  4. Zone of Calcified Cartilage
  5. Zone of Ossification
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2
Q

Identify the structure.

A

Growth Plate

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3
Q

What type of ossification is occuring here?

A

Intramembranous Ossification

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4
Q

Identify the neural tube and the notochord in this H&E section of a chick embryo

A
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5
Q

Identify the structures.

A

Mesenchymal cells - stem cells of bone and cartilage

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6
Q

What are we looking at here?

A

Uncondensed mesenchymal cells

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7
Q

Identify the area where perichondrium is located

A
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8
Q

Identify the type of cartilage.

A

Hyaline

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9
Q

Identify the type of cartilage.

A

Elastic

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10
Q

Identify the type of cartilage.

A

Fibrocartilage

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11
Q

What are the arrows pointing to in this hemisected equine tarsus?

A

Articular hyaline cartilage - DOES NOT HAVE PERICHONDRIUM

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12
Q

Identify the zone of proliferation in this growth plate of hyaline cartilage.

A
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13
Q

Identify the type of cartilage.

A

Fibrocartilage

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14
Q

Identify the structures in fibrocartilage

A

Chondrocytes in lacunae

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15
Q

Identify the portion that is spongy bone

A
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16
Q

Identify the portion that is compact bone

A
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17
Q

Identify the osteoblasts in this woven bone

A
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18
Q

Identify the circled structure.

A

Osteocyte in lacuna

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19
Q

What are we looking at?

A

Neuron - see the cell body (parikaryon) containing nucleus, nucleolus, dendrites, and axon

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20
Q

What is this grainy basophilic substance?

A

Nissl substance - dark due to presence of RER and ribosomes

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21
Q

What is the pigment that the top arrow is pointing to?

A

lipofuscin

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22
Q

What type of neuron is this?

A

Pseudounipolar

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23
Q

What are we looking at here and what does it do?

Where is it located?

A

The golgi organ. It is a proprioceptive sensory receptor/senses stretching

It is located at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons

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24
Q

What is the name for this CNS counterpart of the fibroblast?

A

Astrocyte

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25
Q

What is the name of this structure (found in the CNS)?

A

Oligodendrocyte

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26
Q

What are we looking at here (in the CNS)?

A

Microgliocytes

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27
Q

Identify the structure.

A

Choroid plexus

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28
Q

Would we find this in the CNS or the PNS?

A

CNS (note the oligodendroglia)

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29
Q

Would we see this in the CNS or the PNS?

A

PNS (note the Shwann cells)

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30
Q

Which part of the brain is this?

A

Cerebellum

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31
Q

What is wrong with the animal that this section cerebellum was taken from?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia - granular layer is empty compared to normal

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32
Q

What would you call this collection of neurons in the CNS?

A

a ‘nucleus’

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33
Q

Identify the circled structures.

A

motor neurons

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34
Q

Which image belongs to an autonomic ganglion and which belongs to a dorsal root ganglion?

A

Image #1 is an autonomic ganglion. Image #2 is a dorsal root ganglion.

If you look at the neuronal cell body, the nucleus is central in a dorsal root ganglion. The nucleus is eccentric in autonomic ganglion.

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35
Q

What is this structure found in the small intestine that helps to control peristaltic movement of the GI tract?

A

Myenteric Plexus

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36
Q

Identify the circled structure (this is from an ear)

A

Ceruminous gland

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37
Q

What helps move an egg through the uterine tube?

A

cilia and muscular contractions

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38
Q

where is the acrosome located?

A

the head of the sperm

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39
Q

where does capacitation occur?

A

uterus, or uterine tubes

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40
Q

What is the site of fertilization?

A

fellopian tubes

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41
Q

What maintains the blood testes barrier?

A

tight junctions between neighboring Sertoli cells

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42
Q

In early fetal testes, which cells secrete APDH?

A

Sertoli cells

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43
Q

This duct gives rise to fellopian tube, uterus, and cervix

A

the mullerian duct

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44
Q

This duct gives rise to male anatomy (testes, epididymis, etc..)

A

the mesonpheric duct

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45
Q

Fibrocartilage lacks ____________, and therefore is incapable of regeneration

A

perichondrium

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46
Q

Where would you find fibrous cartilage?

A

Fibrous cartilage can be found at intervertebral discs, menisci, tendon insertions, and pubic symphysis

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47
Q

Where would you find elastic cartilage?

A

Pinna, spiglottis, external auditory canal, and layngeal cartilage

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48
Q

Where would you find hyaline cartilage?

A

Fetal bones, growth plates, articular cartilage, costochondrial junctions, nasal septum/larynx/trachea/bronchii

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49
Q

Appositional growth in cartilage: what is happening?

A

chondroblasts differentiate into chondrocytes in the chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium.

This results in an increase in the diameter or thickness of the cartilage.

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50
Q

interstitial growth in cartilage: what is occuring?

A

chondrocytes divide by mitosis to form isogenous nests, resulting in an increase in cartilage mass

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51
Q

From which cell type do both cartilage and bone originate?

A

mesenchymal cells

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52
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage

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53
Q

What is occuring in endochondral ossification?

A

bone is laid down on a scaffold of pre-formed cartilage, cartilage is removed, and bone remains

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54
Q

What is occuring in intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate into osteoblasts, form bone

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55
Q

What are the two basic osteogenic processes?

A

intramembranous and endochondral

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56
Q

What is the zone of the growth plate where chondrocytes multiply and form columns of chondrocytes

A

Zone of proliferation

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57
Q

What is the zone of growth plate comprised of hyaline cartilage and chondrocytes surrounded by a matrix?

A

Zone of reserved cartilage

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58
Q

This is the zone of the growth plate composed of enlarged vacuolated chondrocytes.

A

zone of hypertrophy

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59
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

woven (immature) and lamellar (mature)

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60
Q

Bone developing from pre-existing cartilage (mesenchymal cells –> hyaline –> bone)

Process is called:

A

endochondral ossification

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61
Q

What does calcitonin do with regard to serum calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin decreases serum calcium levels by promoting bone formation

62
Q

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do with regard to serum calcium levels?

A

PTH increases serum calcium levels by increasing osteolysis

63
Q

neurovascular channels in conpact bone are called:

A

Haversian canals

64
Q

The only bone cells capable of mitosis are:

A

osteoprogenitor cells

65
Q

These are mature bone cells in lacunae; use gap junctions to transfer nutritional needs to cells; incapable of mitosis:

A

osteocytes

66
Q

These are immature bone cells only on the surface of bones; secrete collagen and ECM; called osteoid

A

osteoblasts

67
Q

bone and cartilage are both derived from which germ layer?

A

mesoderm

68
Q

What are the layers of meninges?

A

dura mater (outermost layer)

arachnoid mater

subarachnoid space

pia mater

69
Q

These for part of the BBB, form scar tissue, transport nutrients, and are important in antigen presentation:

A

astrocytes

70
Q

supportive cells that surround neurons are called:

A

glial cells

71
Q

The nerve layer in the GI tract that regulates peristaltic movement:

A

Myenteric plexus

72
Q

This is the site of CSF production:

A

the choroid plexus

73
Q

How often is CSF renewed?

A

3 times/day

74
Q

These are small nerve cell bodies in the lateral horns:

A

autonomic neurons

75
Q

These neurons are found in the ventral horns, innervate skeletal muscle, and are only present in grey matter

A

motor neurons

76
Q

motor neurons are considered what type of neuron?

A

multipolar

77
Q

What is the principle control center of the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

78
Q

In which layer of the cerebral cortex will we find purkinje cells?

A

the ganglionic layer

79
Q

what are the layers of grey matter in the cerebellum?

A

molecular layer (outermost)

ganglionic layer

granular layer

80
Q

what is the name for the white matter found in the cerebellum

A

arbor vitae (tree of life)

81
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with coordination of body movement?

A

cerebellum

82
Q

Which portion of the brain is associated with memory?

A

hippocampus

83
Q

These cells surround ganglionic neuron cell bodies and assist in repair

A

amphicytes (satellite cells)

84
Q

What is the approximate ratio of glial cells to neurons?

A

approximately 50:1

85
Q

What is the resident macrophage in the CNS?

A

microgliocytes

when active, they are called ‘gitter cells’

86
Q

An inhibitory synapse contains which neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

87
Q

A stimulatory synapse contains which neurotransmitter?

A

Acetycholine

88
Q

This stimulates muscle contraction when it is releasd into synaptic clefts:

A

acetylcholine

89
Q

What is the composition of myelin?

A

~75% lipid and 25% protein

90
Q

__________ myelinate in the CNS.

A

oligodendrocytes

91
Q

_____________ myelinate in the PNS.

A

Shwann cells

92
Q

What is the location of grey matter in the brain? Spinal cord?

A

brain = located peripherally

spinal cord = located centrally

93
Q

What is the lcation of white matter in the brain? Spinal cord?

A

brain = located centrally

spinal cord = located peripherally

94
Q

This is a granular substance composed of rER and free ribosomes

A

Nissl substance (or Nissl body)

95
Q

This is the region between cell bodies in the grey matter of the brain and spinal cord

A

neuropil

96
Q

How can you tell the difference between a sensory ganglia and an autonomic ganglia on an H&E slide?

A

Sensory ganglia have a central nucleus

Autonomic ganglia have an eccentric nucleus

97
Q

What is the name for a group of nerve cell bodies in the CNS?

A

a nucleus

98
Q

What is the name for a group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS?

A

a ganglia

99
Q

What are the developmental stages from zygote through gastrulation?

A

zygote –> morula –> blastula –> early gastrula –> late gastrula

100
Q

What does the myotome give rise to?

A

skeletal muscle

101
Q

What induces formation of the neural tube?

A

the notocord

102
Q

Which cell type layer gives rise to the ectoderm?

A

Epiblast cells

103
Q

What is responsible for the formation of fetal placental membranes?

A

The outer cell mass (aka trophoblast)

104
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the formation of the notochord?

A

mesoderm

105
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to muscle and CV system?

A

mesoderm

106
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the GI tract and respiratory system?

A

endoderm

107
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to epidermis and nervous tissue?

A

ectoderm

108
Q

What is a blastomere?

A

type of cell produced by zygote cell division after fertilization

109
Q

What is the teratogenic influence on development @ the predifferentiation stage?

A

the embryo dies

110
Q

What are the four divisions of mesoderm?

A

axial, intermediate, lateral, paraxial

111
Q

At what stage does the zona pellucida shed?

A

At the blastula stage

112
Q

Which components of the inner ear contain endolymph?

A

The membranous labyrinth:

  • utricle and saccule
  • semicircular ducts
  • cochlear ducts
  • sensory structures!
113
Q

Which components of the inner ear contain perilymph?

A

Bony labyrinth

  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
  • cochlea
  • these are the outer (peripheral) structures, surrounding the internal (endo) sensory structures
114
Q

Which structure in the ear is responsible for detecting angular acceleration?

A

Crista ampullaris

115
Q

Which structure(s) in the ear is/are responsible for detecting head position and linear movement?

A

utricle and saccule

116
Q

What are the three bones and two muscles of the ear?

A

bones: malleus, incus, stapes
muscle: tensor tympani m. and stapedius m.

117
Q

What structure in the ear is responsible for pressure equalization?

A

auditory tube

118
Q

What fluid do you find in the utricle and saccule?

A

endolymph

119
Q

What fluid do you find in the semicircular ducts?

A

endolymph

120
Q

What fluid do you find in the semicircular canals?

A

perilymph

121
Q

What is the structure that brings hair cells back into position after displacement?

A

kinocilia

122
Q

What structure produces endolymph?

A

stria vascularis

123
Q

What part of the cochlea responds to high frequency sounds?

A

the base of the cochlea

124
Q

What do primordial germ cells give rise to?

A

yolk sac endoderm

125
Q

Identify the ectoderm portion

A
126
Q

Identify the endoderm portion:

A
127
Q

Identify the mesoderm portion:

A
128
Q

Identify the neural fold:

A
129
Q

What stage of folliculogenesis are we looking at here? (What type of follcle)

A

PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES: Primary oocytes
surrounded by a layer of squamous follicular cells

130
Q

What stage of folliculogenesis are we looking at? (What type of follicle)

A

Primary follicle: Zona pellucida acts as an immunologic protective barrier for the developing egg and early embryo

131
Q

Identify the zona pellucida.

A
132
Q

Identify the granulosa cells

A
133
Q

Identify the theca interna cells

A
134
Q

What stage of folliculogenesis are we looking at? (What type of follicle?

A

Secondary (Secretory) follicle: Primary oocyte with Zona pellucida and Corona radiata cells

135
Q

What stage of folligulogenesis are we looking at? (What type of follicle)

A

Tertiary (Graafian) = Mature Follicle

136
Q

Identify the circled structure:

A

The corpus hemorrhagicum

137
Q

Identify the structure that spans the length of the arrows. What does it produce?

A

Corpus luteum (yellow body).

Produces progesterone (and some estrogen)

138
Q

What is the importance of progesterone (produced by the corpus luteum)?

A

Progesterone helps to maintain the pregnancy, stimulate mammary development, and locally down regulates the immune system

139
Q

What is the name of this connective tissue scar that remains after regression during diestrus?

A

corpus albicans (white body)

140
Q

What is the name for a follicle that is not selected to complete maturation?

A

This is called an atretic follicle. If a follicle is not selected to complete maturation, it will undergo a programmed detruction, this is the fate of many follicles

141
Q

In this section of testes and epididymis, which white number represents the seminiferous tubules.

Hard to see the numbers. Just squint a little.

A

1.

142
Q

In this section of testes and epididymis (10x), which white number represents the efferent ductules?

A

3.

143
Q

In this section of testes and epididymis (10x), which white number represents the epididymal duct?

A

4.

144
Q

In this high magnification section of testes and epididymis, what are the arrows pointing to?

A

interstitial cells of leydig

145
Q

In this high magnification section of testes and epididymis, what are the arrows pointing to?

A

seminiferous tubules

146
Q

What is the circled structure in this cross-section of a sperm tail?

A

axoneme

147
Q

What forms bilaminar disc of epiblast and hypoblast; establishes dorsal & ventral axis?

A

the embryoblast (or inner cell mass)

148
Q

What forms fetal part of placental membranes?

A

trophoblast (or outer cell mass)

149
Q

gastrulation begins with the formation of the ___________ in the epiblast.

A

primitive streak

150
Q

What are the arrows pointing to in this section of elastic cartilage in the epiglottis?

A

Elastic fibers

BCSE Microanatomy I (18 decks)

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