Microanatomy Exam II Material Flashcards
Growth Plate: Identify the zones
- Zone of Reserve Cartilage
- Zone of Proliferation
- Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage
- Zone of Calcified Cartilage
- Zone of Ossification
Identify the structure.
Growth Plate
What type of ossification is occuring here?
Intramembranous Ossification
Identify the neural tube and the notochord in this H&E section of a chick embryo
Identify the structures.
Mesenchymal cells - stem cells of bone and cartilage
What are we looking at here?
Uncondensed mesenchymal cells
Identify the area where perichondrium is located
Identify the type of cartilage.
Hyaline
Identify the type of cartilage.
Elastic
Identify the type of cartilage.
Fibrocartilage
What are the arrows pointing to in this hemisected equine tarsus?
Articular hyaline cartilage - DOES NOT HAVE PERICHONDRIUM
Identify the zone of proliferation in this growth plate of hyaline cartilage.
Identify the type of cartilage.
Fibrocartilage
Identify the structures in fibrocartilage
Chondrocytes in lacunae
Identify the portion that is spongy bone
Identify the portion that is compact bone
Identify the osteoblasts in this woven bone
Identify the circled structure.
Osteocyte in lacuna
What are we looking at?
Neuron - see the cell body (parikaryon) containing nucleus, nucleolus, dendrites, and axon
What is this grainy basophilic substance?
Nissl substance - dark due to presence of RER and ribosomes
What is the pigment that the top arrow is pointing to?
lipofuscin
What type of neuron is this?
Pseudounipolar
What are we looking at here and what does it do?
Where is it located?
The golgi organ. It is a proprioceptive sensory receptor/senses stretching
It is located at the insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons
What is the name for this CNS counterpart of the fibroblast?
Astrocyte
What is the name of this structure (found in the CNS)?
Oligodendrocyte
What are we looking at here (in the CNS)?
Microgliocytes
Identify the structure.
Choroid plexus
Would we find this in the CNS or the PNS?
CNS (note the oligodendroglia)
Would we see this in the CNS or the PNS?
PNS (note the Shwann cells)
Which part of the brain is this?
Cerebellum
What is wrong with the animal that this section cerebellum was taken from?
Cerebellar hypoplasia - granular layer is empty compared to normal
What would you call this collection of neurons in the CNS?
a ‘nucleus’
Identify the circled structures.
motor neurons
Which image belongs to an autonomic ganglion and which belongs to a dorsal root ganglion?
Image #1 is an autonomic ganglion. Image #2 is a dorsal root ganglion.
If you look at the neuronal cell body, the nucleus is central in a dorsal root ganglion. The nucleus is eccentric in autonomic ganglion.
What is this structure found in the small intestine that helps to control peristaltic movement of the GI tract?
Myenteric Plexus
Identify the circled structure (this is from an ear)
Ceruminous gland
What helps move an egg through the uterine tube?
cilia and muscular contractions
where is the acrosome located?
the head of the sperm
where does capacitation occur?
uterus, or uterine tubes
What is the site of fertilization?
fellopian tubes
What maintains the blood testes barrier?
tight junctions between neighboring Sertoli cells
In early fetal testes, which cells secrete APDH?
Sertoli cells
This duct gives rise to fellopian tube, uterus, and cervix
the mullerian duct
This duct gives rise to male anatomy (testes, epididymis, etc..)
the mesonpheric duct
Fibrocartilage lacks ____________, and therefore is incapable of regeneration
perichondrium
Where would you find fibrous cartilage?
Fibrous cartilage can be found at intervertebral discs, menisci, tendon insertions, and pubic symphysis
Where would you find elastic cartilage?
Pinna, spiglottis, external auditory canal, and layngeal cartilage
Where would you find hyaline cartilage?
Fetal bones, growth plates, articular cartilage, costochondrial junctions, nasal septum/larynx/trachea/bronchii
Appositional growth in cartilage: what is happening?
chondroblasts differentiate into chondrocytes in the chondrogenic layer of the perichondrium.
This results in an increase in the diameter or thickness of the cartilage.
interstitial growth in cartilage: what is occuring?
chondrocytes divide by mitosis to form isogenous nests, resulting in an increase in cartilage mass
From which cell type do both cartilage and bone originate?
mesenchymal cells
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
What is occuring in endochondral ossification?
bone is laid down on a scaffold of pre-formed cartilage, cartilage is removed, and bone remains
What is occuring in intramembranous ossification?
mesenchymal cells condense and differentiate into osteoblasts, form bone
What are the two basic osteogenic processes?
intramembranous and endochondral
What is the zone of the growth plate where chondrocytes multiply and form columns of chondrocytes
Zone of proliferation
What is the zone of growth plate comprised of hyaline cartilage and chondrocytes surrounded by a matrix?
Zone of reserved cartilage
This is the zone of the growth plate composed of enlarged vacuolated chondrocytes.
zone of hypertrophy
What are the two types of bone?
woven (immature) and lamellar (mature)
Bone developing from pre-existing cartilage (mesenchymal cells –> hyaline –> bone)
Process is called:
endochondral ossification
What does calcitonin do with regard to serum calcium levels?
Calcitonin decreases serum calcium levels by promoting bone formation
What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do with regard to serum calcium levels?
PTH increases serum calcium levels by increasing osteolysis
neurovascular channels in conpact bone are called:
Haversian canals
The only bone cells capable of mitosis are:
osteoprogenitor cells
These are mature bone cells in lacunae; use gap junctions to transfer nutritional needs to cells; incapable of mitosis:
osteocytes
These are immature bone cells only on the surface of bones; secrete collagen and ECM; called osteoid
osteoblasts
bone and cartilage are both derived from which germ layer?
mesoderm
What are the layers of meninges?
dura mater (outermost layer)
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
pia mater
These for part of the BBB, form scar tissue, transport nutrients, and are important in antigen presentation:
astrocytes
supportive cells that surround neurons are called:
glial cells
The nerve layer in the GI tract that regulates peristaltic movement:
Myenteric plexus
This is the site of CSF production:
the choroid plexus
How often is CSF renewed?
3 times/day
These are small nerve cell bodies in the lateral horns:
autonomic neurons
These neurons are found in the ventral horns, innervate skeletal muscle, and are only present in grey matter
motor neurons
motor neurons are considered what type of neuron?
multipolar
What is the principle control center of the pituitary gland?
hypothalamus
In which layer of the cerebral cortex will we find purkinje cells?
the ganglionic layer
what are the layers of grey matter in the cerebellum?
molecular layer (outermost)
ganglionic layer
granular layer
what is the name for the white matter found in the cerebellum
arbor vitae (tree of life)
Which part of the brain is associated with coordination of body movement?
cerebellum
Which portion of the brain is associated with memory?
hippocampus
These cells surround ganglionic neuron cell bodies and assist in repair
amphicytes (satellite cells)
What is the approximate ratio of glial cells to neurons?
approximately 50:1
What is the resident macrophage in the CNS?
microgliocytes
when active, they are called ‘gitter cells’
An inhibitory synapse contains which neurotransmitter?
GABA
A stimulatory synapse contains which neurotransmitter?
Acetycholine
This stimulates muscle contraction when it is releasd into synaptic clefts:
acetylcholine
What is the composition of myelin?
~75% lipid and 25% protein
__________ myelinate in the CNS.
oligodendrocytes
_____________ myelinate in the PNS.
Shwann cells
What is the location of grey matter in the brain? Spinal cord?
brain = located peripherally
spinal cord = located centrally
What is the lcation of white matter in the brain? Spinal cord?
brain = located centrally
spinal cord = located peripherally
This is a granular substance composed of rER and free ribosomes
Nissl substance (or Nissl body)
This is the region between cell bodies in the grey matter of the brain and spinal cord
neuropil
How can you tell the difference between a sensory ganglia and an autonomic ganglia on an H&E slide?
Sensory ganglia have a central nucleus
Autonomic ganglia have an eccentric nucleus
What is the name for a group of nerve cell bodies in the CNS?
a nucleus
What is the name for a group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS?
a ganglia
What are the developmental stages from zygote through gastrulation?
zygote –> morula –> blastula –> early gastrula –> late gastrula
What does the myotome give rise to?
skeletal muscle
What induces formation of the neural tube?
the notocord
Which cell type layer gives rise to the ectoderm?
Epiblast cells
What is responsible for the formation of fetal placental membranes?
The outer cell mass (aka trophoblast)
Which germ layer gives rise to the formation of the notochord?
mesoderm
Which germ layer gives rise to muscle and CV system?
mesoderm
Which germ layer gives rise to the GI tract and respiratory system?
endoderm
Which germ layer gives rise to epidermis and nervous tissue?
ectoderm
What is a blastomere?
type of cell produced by zygote cell division after fertilization
What is the teratogenic influence on development @ the predifferentiation stage?
the embryo dies
What are the four divisions of mesoderm?
axial, intermediate, lateral, paraxial
At what stage does the zona pellucida shed?
At the blastula stage
Which components of the inner ear contain endolymph?
The membranous labyrinth:
- utricle and saccule
- semicircular ducts
- cochlear ducts
- sensory structures!
Which components of the inner ear contain perilymph?
Bony labyrinth
- vestibule
- semicircular canals
- cochlea
- these are the outer (peripheral) structures, surrounding the internal (endo) sensory structures
Which structure in the ear is responsible for detecting angular acceleration?
Crista ampullaris
Which structure(s) in the ear is/are responsible for detecting head position and linear movement?
utricle and saccule
What are the three bones and two muscles of the ear?
bones: malleus, incus, stapes
muscle: tensor tympani m. and stapedius m.
What structure in the ear is responsible for pressure equalization?
auditory tube
What fluid do you find in the utricle and saccule?
endolymph
What fluid do you find in the semicircular ducts?
endolymph
What fluid do you find in the semicircular canals?
perilymph
What is the structure that brings hair cells back into position after displacement?
kinocilia
What structure produces endolymph?
stria vascularis
What part of the cochlea responds to high frequency sounds?
the base of the cochlea
What do primordial germ cells give rise to?
yolk sac endoderm
Identify the ectoderm portion
Identify the endoderm portion:
Identify the mesoderm portion:
Identify the neural fold:
What stage of folliculogenesis are we looking at here? (What type of follcle)
PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES: Primary oocytes
surrounded by a layer of squamous follicular cells
What stage of folliculogenesis are we looking at? (What type of follicle)
Primary follicle: Zona pellucida acts as an immunologic protective barrier for the developing egg and early embryo
Identify the zona pellucida.
Identify the granulosa cells
Identify the theca interna cells
What stage of folliculogenesis are we looking at? (What type of follicle?
Secondary (Secretory) follicle: Primary oocyte with Zona pellucida and Corona radiata cells
What stage of folligulogenesis are we looking at? (What type of follicle)
Tertiary (Graafian) = Mature Follicle
Identify the circled structure:
The corpus hemorrhagicum
Identify the structure that spans the length of the arrows. What does it produce?
Corpus luteum (yellow body).
Produces progesterone (and some estrogen)
What is the importance of progesterone (produced by the corpus luteum)?
Progesterone helps to maintain the pregnancy, stimulate mammary development, and locally down regulates the immune system
What is the name of this connective tissue scar that remains after regression during diestrus?
corpus albicans (white body)
What is the name for a follicle that is not selected to complete maturation?
This is called an atretic follicle. If a follicle is not selected to complete maturation, it will undergo a programmed detruction, this is the fate of many follicles
In this section of testes and epididymis, which white number represents the seminiferous tubules.
Hard to see the numbers. Just squint a little.
1.
In this section of testes and epididymis (10x), which white number represents the efferent ductules?
3.
In this section of testes and epididymis (10x), which white number represents the epididymal duct?
4.
In this high magnification section of testes and epididymis, what are the arrows pointing to?
interstitial cells of leydig
In this high magnification section of testes and epididymis, what are the arrows pointing to?
seminiferous tubules
What is the circled structure in this cross-section of a sperm tail?
axoneme
What forms bilaminar disc of epiblast and hypoblast; establishes dorsal & ventral axis?
the embryoblast (or inner cell mass)
What forms fetal part of placental membranes?
trophoblast (or outer cell mass)
gastrulation begins with the formation of the ___________ in the epiblast.
primitive streak
What are the arrows pointing to in this section of elastic cartilage in the epiglottis?
Elastic fibers
