Exam III - Endocrine System Flashcards
What are the primary endocrine organs?
- Pituitary gland
- Pineal Gland
- Thyroid gland
- parathyroid glands
- adrenal glands
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What are the secondary endocrine organs?
- Pancreas
- Testis
- Ovaries
- Kidneys
- Stomach
- Intestines
- Thymus
- Heart
- Placenta
- Adipose Tissue
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Which part of the brain is indicated by the arrow?
Hypothalamus
Which two hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) & Oxytocin
**These are stored in the neurohypophysis and released at distant sites
Which part of the brain is indicated by the circle?
pituitary gland
What are the two major divisions of the pituitary gland?
adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
The adenohypophysis arises from the ___________
The adenohypophysis arises from the oral ectoderm.
The neurohypophysis arises from the ___________.
The neurohypophysis arises from the neuroectoderm.
Identify B in this H&E cross section of a pituitary gland.
Posterior Pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Identify A in this H&E cross section of a pituitary gland.
Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Name the 3 parts of the adenohypophysis.
- Pars distalis
- Pars intermedia
- Pars tuberalis
Name the 3 parts of the neurohypophysis.
- Pars nervosa (P. posterior)
- infundibulum
- Median eminence
The cells of the Pars Distalis (in the adenohypophysis) require what stimulus from the hypothalamus?
The cells of the Pars Distalis (in the adenohypophysis) require a stimulus known as releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.
The pars intermedia secretes ________
The pars intermedia secretes Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
The Pars tuberalis (wrapped around the indifibulum) secretes:
The Pars tuberalis (wrapped around the indifibulum) secretes ACTH (effect is to cause release of cortisol), FSH, and LH
Which cells in the pars distalis are acidophilic?
Somatotropes and Mammotropes.
(Thyrotropes & Gonadotropes are basophils)
Somatotropes in the Pars Distalis produce ___________.
Somatotropes in the Pars Distalis produce growth hormone
Mammotropes in the Pars Distalis produce ___________.
Mammotropes in the Pars Distalis produce prolactin.
Thyrotropes in the Pars Distalis produce ___________.
Thyrotropes in the Pars Distalis produce thyrotropin (TSH)
Gonadotropes in the Pars Distalis produce ___________.
Gonadotropes in the Pars Distalis produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Which label represents the anterior pituitary in this H&E section of the pituitary gland? Which one represents the posterior pituitary?
A - posterior pituitary
B - anterior pituitary
Highly branched glial cells in the neurohypophysis are called _________
Highly branched glial cells in the neurohypophysis are called pituicytes.
Identify the structures labeled ‘A’ in this H&E section of the Pars Nervosa.
These structures are the storage site for ____________.
Herring bodies. They are the storage site for ADH and Oxytocin
Label the structures indicated by the white arrows in this TEM section of the neurohypophysis
neurosecretory granules
The primary function of the epiphysis is:
The primary function of the epiphysis is to regulate daily rythyms of bodily activity
Secretory cells of the epiphysis are called _________
Secretory cells of the epiphysis are called pinealocytes.
Pinealocytes (secretory cells of the epiphysis) produce which hormone?
Pinealocytes produce melatonin.
Label the structures A and B in this H&E section of the Pineal Gland
A - pinealocytes
B - corpora arenacea (aka Brain Sand)
‘C’ or Clear Cells (aka parafollicular cells) in the thyroid gland secrete __________.
‘C’ or Clear Cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin.
What will we find in the area labeled ‘A’ in this H&E section of a thyroid gland?
Colloid (thyroglobulin)
What is produced by the cell indicated by the arrow in this H&E section of the thyroid gland?
It is a C cell (parafollicular cell) and it produces calcitonin.
what are the target organs of the parathyroid hormone?
bone, small intestines, and kidneys
Chief cells in the parathyroid gland secrete __________
parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
Corticosteroids are produced in the _____________
adrenal cortex
Catecholamines are produced in the _____________
adrenal medulla
Name the three zones of the adrenal cortex.
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Identify the zone labeled ‘A’ in this section of the adrenal gland. What does this zone secrete?
Zona glomerulosa; secretes aldosterone
Identify the zone labeled ‘B’ in this section of the adrenal gland. What does this zone secrete?
Zona fasciculata; secretes Cortisol
Identify the zone labeled ‘C’ in this section of the adrenal gland. What does this zone secrete?
Zona reticularis; secretes weak androgens
Identify the zone labeled ‘D’ in this section of the adrenal gland. What does this zone secrete?
Medulla; secretes epinephrine primarily (but also secretes some norepinephrine)
What is the main secretion of the cell circled in green, found in the zona glomerulosa?
Aldosterone
What is the main secretion of the cell circled in green, found in the zona reticularis?
Androgen
(note the lipid vacuoles and the vascularity of this endocrine zone)
Cushings Syndrome is the overproduction or overexposure to ____________ in the body
Cushings Syndrome is the overproduction or overexposure to glucocorticoid in the body
Which two hormones are produced in the kidneys?
Renin and Erythropoietin
True or false: The kidney is a primary endocrine organ
False mutha fucka! The kidney is a secondary endocrine organ.
Atrial myocardial cells secrete _____________
Atrial myocardial cells secrete Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
ANP promotes Na+ and water loss, decreases blood pressure
Interstitial (Leydig) cells secrete ___________
Interstitial (Leydig) cells secrete testosterone.
Sertoli cells secrete _________
Sertoli cells secrete Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) that attaches to testosterone, promotes spermatogenesis, and
inhibin, which exerts a negative feedback on hypothalamic GnRH neurosecretory cells
Theca interna cells in the ovary secrete __________
Theca interna cells in the ovary secrete androgens
Corpus luteum secretes _____________
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which maintains pregnancy
Granulosa cells in the ovary secrete ___________
Granulosa cells in the ovary secrete estrogen.
Identify structures A and B in this H&E section of the pineal gland
A - pinealocytes
B - corpora arenacea
What is the significance of ‘brain sand’ (corpora arenacea)?
It allows us to identify where the middle brain is on an MRI, and as the animal gets older more brain sand appears
Name the cells labeled ‘A’ in this H&E section of the thyroid gland. What do these cells produce.
follicular cells; they produce colloid (thyroglobulin)
Label the regions A and B in this adrenal gland.
A - medulla
B - cortex
The cortex arises from the mesoderm and produces corticosteroids.
The medulla arises from the neural crest and secretes catecholamines
__________ hormone secreted by the __________ controls the ovarian and uterine cycles.
GnRH, hypothalamus
Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?
Parathormone (Parathyroid Hormone)
Which of the following is NOT a function of a hormone?
a. Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
b. Regulates metabolism
c. Regulates glandular secretions
d. Produces electrolytes
e. Controls growth and development
d. Produces electrolytes
This hormone stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone:
LH
