Microanatomy 3 Respiratory

Question 1

what is it called when the epithelium change shape

Answer 1

mesoplasia

Question 2

where does squamous cell carcinoma of the lung usually arise

Answer 2

• usually arises in the main bronchi and is associated with areas that have previously undergone squamous metaplasia

Question 3

what can lung carcinoma be divided into

Answer 3

• small cell and non small cell carcinoma

Question 4

what is more malignant small cell or non small cell carcinoma

Answer 4

small cell carcinoma

Question 5

describe what small cell carcinoma tumours look. like

Answer 5

• small
• ovid
• densely packed and darkly stained tumour cells
• disseminated

Question 6

how is small cell carcinoma treated

Answer 6

• systemic chemotherapy

Question 7

how is non small cell carcinoma treated

Answer 7

• iti is more localised and usually treated by combinations of surgery and radiotherapy in the first instant

Question 8

what is an important transcription factor for development of the lung

Answer 8

• thyroid transcription factor

Question 9

what is thyroid transcription factors use when it comes to cancer

Answer 9

• most primary tumours in the lung of this type will stain for this antigen
• this is used to differentiate primary from secondary tumours with similar characteristics

Question 10

what is a granuloma in tb

macrophage lymphocyte fibroblast defensive reaction

Answer 10

• this is a characteristic of tuberculosis
• there is a central area of caseous necrosis surrounded by epithelia macrophages
• some of these macrophages fuse and form multinucleate langhans giant cells
• the caseous material contains mycobacteria which can only be visualised with special stains
• peripheral to macrophages there is a rim of lymphocytes
• in the lymphocyte layer of the tubercle fibroblasts are stimulated to lay down collagen in the extracellular matrix acting to wall off the tubercle

Question 11

what is the resulting lesion called when a successful macrophage lymphocyte fibroblast defensive reaction occurs

Answer 11

• fibrocaseous tubercular nodule

Question 12

when does tuberculous brnochopneumonia occur

Answer 12

• this occurs when the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli are released into the bronchi and gravitate to lower parts of the conducting airways
• through he destruction of the bronchiolar walls they can gain entry into the surrounding peribronchial lung tissue
• numerous tubercles may form and merge thus destroying large areas of lung tissue

Question 13

describe primary TB

Answer 13

• this is when small lesions show restriction to the sub pleural area in the mid-zone of the lung and the draining hilarity lymph nodes
• gohn focus

Question 14

describe what happens in post primary or secondary TB

Answer 14

• there is a focus of apical often bilateral lesions which occurs in the lungs
• ashman focus

Question 15

describe what Millary tb is

Answer 15

• this occurs with the spread of the bacilli via the bloodstream to many locations and can occur in the lung and many other organs

Question 16

why is normal lung a dark colour

Answer 16

• the normal lung is dark colour due to its blood content and the carbon which becomes trapped in interstitial macrophages

Question 17

what type of defence cell is usually found in alveolar spaces

Answer 17

neutrophil