Micro - Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of classification of zoonoses

A

Farm/wild vs companion and UK vs tropical

Farm/wild = cattle, poultry, goats, pigs
Companion = cats/dogs (ticks/mice/rodents), reptiles/amphibians, fish

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2
Q

Give examples of Farm/wild animal zoonoses

A

UK: campylobacter, salmonella
Tropical: brucella, coxiella, rabies, VHF

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3
Q

Give examples of companion animal zoonoses

A

UK: bartonella, toxoplasmosis, ringworm, psitticosis
Tropical: rabies, tick-borne diseases, spirilum minus

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4
Q

Describe campylobacter infection (reservoir, transmission, presentation, management)

A

Reservoir = poultry, cattle
Transmission = contaminated food
Presentation: diarrhoea, bloating, cramps
Management: supportive

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5
Q

Describe salmonella infection (reservoir, transmission, presentation, management)

A

Non-typhoidal (typhae and paratyphae are transmitted between humans)
Reservoir = poultry, reptiles/amphibians
Transmission = contaminated food, poor hand hygiene
Presentation: diarrhoea, vomiting, fever
Management: supportive ± ciprofloxacin or azithromycin

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6
Q

Describe Bartonella henselae infection (reservoir, transmission, microscopy, types)

A

Reservoir = kittens > cats
Transmission = scratches, bites, licks of open wounds, fleas
Microscopy = curved, gram -ve rods
Causes cat scratch disease (immunocompetent) or bacillary angiomatosis (immunocompromised)

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7
Q

Describe cat scratch disease (cause, presentation, investigations, management)

A

Caused by bartonella henselae in immunocompetent people
Presentation:
- Macule at the site of inoculation → becomes pustular
- Regional adenopathy
- Systemic symptoms (fever, night sweats, weight loss)
Ix: serology
Management: erythromycin, doxycylin

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8
Q

Describe Bacilliary Angiomatosis (cause, presentation, investigations, management)

A

Caused by bartonella henselae in immunocompromised people
Presentation:
- Skin papules
- Disseminated multi-organ and vasculature involvement → bursting of blood vessels
- Can be fatal
Ix: histopathology + serology
Management: erythromycin, doxycyline, rifampicin + wash hands after handling cats

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9
Q

Describe toxoplasmosis infection (reservoir, transmission, presentation, investigations)

A

Reservoir = cats, sheep
transmission = infected meat, faecal contamination
Presentation: fever + adenopathy, still-birth, visual/hearing/motor/cognitive loss, seizures, neuropathies
Ix: serology, Sabin-Feldman Dye test

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10
Q

What is the management for toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy

A

Toxoplasmosis PCR +ve in mother, -ve in baby → Spiramycin for 3-weeks (prevents vertical transmission)

Toxoplasmosis PCR +ve in mother, +ve in baby → Pyrimethamine + Sulfadiazine
- Treat baby for up to 1 year after delivery (if no TOP)
- Adjunct: Prednisolone

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11
Q

Describe brucellosis infection (reservoir, transmission, presentation, investigations, management)

A

Reservoir = cattle, goats
Transmission = unpasteurised milk/cheese, mucosal splash, undercooked meat, aerosolisation/inhalation
Presentation = FLAWS, back pain, orchitis, focal abscess (psoas, liver)
Ix: blood/pus culture, serology
Management: doxycycline + gentamicin/rifampicin

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12
Q

Describe coxiella burnetii infection (reservoir, transmission, presentation, investigations, management)

A

AKA Q fever
Reservoir = cattle, goats, sheep
Transmission = inhalation of secretions/waste/milk, unpasteurised milk
Presentation: flu-like illness, pneumonia, hepatitis, endocarditis, focal abscesses (para-vertebral/discitis)
Ix: serology
Mx: doxycycline ± hydroxychloroquine

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13
Q

Describe rabies infection (reservoir, transmission, presentation, investigations, management)

A

With Lyssa virus
Reservoir = dogs, cats, bats
Transmission = bites, scratches, contact with infection fluid
Presentation: seizures, excessive salivation, fever, agitation, confusion, headache
Ix: serology, brain biopsy
Mx: Ig (direct exposure with no vaccine record), vaccinate

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14
Q

Describe rate bite fever (reservoir, transmission, presentation, investigations, management)

A

Streptobacillus moniliformis or Spirillum minus
Reservoir = rates
Transmission = bites, infected urine/droppings
Presentation (2-10 days after bite):
1. Fevers, polyarthralgia, maculopapular rash
2. Endocarditis
Ix: joint fluid for MC&S, blood culture
Mx: penicillin

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15
Q

Describe Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (reservoir, transmission, presentation, investigations, management)

A

Reservoir = deer mouse (Sin Nombre), white-foots mouse, cotton rat, rice rat
Transmission = contact with infected urine/droppings
Presentation =
- “flu-like illness”
- Respiratory failure
- Bleeding
- Renal failure
Ix: serology, PCR
Mx: supportive

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16
Q

Describe viral haemorrhagic fever (reservoir, transmission, presentation, investigations, management)

A

Reservoir = bats (ebola), rats (lassa), bats (marburg), Ticks (congo-crimean haemorrhagic fever)
Transmission = contact with infected fluids
Presentation: fever, myalgia, flu-like illness, bleeding
Presentation:”flu-like” illness, bleeding
Ix: serology, PCR
Mx: admit into side room + support

17
Q

Describe Lyme disease (reservoir, transmission, presentation, investigations, management)

A

Reservoir = tics → ixodes
Presentation = erythema migrans
Ix: ELISA
Mx: doxycycline

18
Q

What is the reservoir for leptospirosis

A

Dog/rate urine

19
Q

Describe anthrax

A

Caused by bacillus anthracis
Painless round black lesion → mediastinal haemorrhage
Mx: doxycycline