HistoPath - Fundamentals Flashcards
What is the appearance of neutrophils and what are they associated with
Multi-lobular (purple) cells with lots of granules (pink)
Acute inflammation e.g. appendicits
What is the appearance of Lymphocytes and what are they associated with
Large cells, light purple
Chronic inflammation or lymphomas (sheets of lymphocytes)
What is the appearance of eosinophils and what are they associated with
Bi-lobed nucleus (blue) with red granules
Allergic reactions
Parasitic infection
Tumours e.g. Hodgkin’s, myeloproliferative
What is the appearance of mast cells and what are they associated with
Large with granules
Immune reactions e.g. urticaria
Allergy
Found in connective tissue, with granules of histamine and heparin
What is the appearance of macrophages and what are they associated with
Large cells with lots of cytoplasm
Late acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation e.g. granuloma: TB | sarcoidosis | fungal infections
What are the main types of tumour
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Melanoma
What are the features of squamous cell carcinomas
Keratin production (not always)
Intercellular bridges
Where may squamous cell carcinomas be found
Skin
Head and neck
Oesophagus
Anus
Cervix
Vagina
What are the features of adenocarcinomas
Mucin production
Glands
Where can adenocarcinomas be found
Lung
Breast
Stomach
Colon
Pancreas
What are the two types of stain
Histochemical or immunohistochemical
How do histochemical stains work
Based on the chemical reaction between the stain and a specific component of the tissue
The product of this reaction has a specific colour or other property that can be identified
How are histochemical stains used in liver disease and amyloidosis
Cirrhosis → Prussian Blue stain → blue pigment stains iron
Amyloidosis in the glomerulus → congo red positive → place under polarised light → Apple green birefringence
How do immunohistochemical stains work and what are the two types
Based on using antibodies specific to an antigen in the tissue
Needs a detection system to make this binding visible
Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase
What are the following markers of: cytokeratin, CD45, CK20, CK7
Cytokeratin: epithelial marker
CD45: Lymphoid marker
CK20: primary bowel cancer
CK7: primary bowel cancer