HistoPath - Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

What is the appearance of neutrophils and what are they associated with

A

Multi-lobular (purple) cells with lots of granules (pink)

Acute inflammation e.g. appendicits

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2
Q

What is the appearance of Lymphocytes and what are they associated with

A

Large cells, light purple

Chronic inflammation or lymphomas (sheets of lymphocytes)

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3
Q

What is the appearance of eosinophils and what are they associated with

A

Bi-lobed nucleus (blue) with red granules

Allergic reactions
Parasitic infection
Tumours e.g. Hodgkin’s, myeloproliferative

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4
Q

What is the appearance of mast cells and what are they associated with

A

Large with granules

Immune reactions e.g. urticaria
Allergy
Found in connective tissue, with granules of histamine and heparin

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5
Q

What is the appearance of macrophages and what are they associated with

A

Large cells with lots of cytoplasm

Late acute inflammation
Chronic inflammation e.g. granuloma: TB | sarcoidosis | fungal infections

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6
Q

What are the main types of tumour

A

Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Melanoma

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7
Q

What are the features of squamous cell carcinomas

A

Keratin production (not always)
Intercellular bridges

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8
Q

Where may squamous cell carcinomas be found

A

Skin
Head and neck
Oesophagus
Anus
Cervix
Vagina

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9
Q

What are the features of adenocarcinomas

A

Mucin production
Glands

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10
Q

Where can adenocarcinomas be found

A

Lung
Breast
Stomach
Colon
Pancreas

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11
Q

What are the two types of stain

A

Histochemical or immunohistochemical

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12
Q

How do histochemical stains work

A

Based on the chemical reaction between the stain and a specific component of the tissue
The product of this reaction has a specific colour or other property that can be identified

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13
Q

How are histochemical stains used in liver disease and amyloidosis

A

Cirrhosis → Prussian Blue stain → blue pigment stains iron

Amyloidosis in the glomerulus → congo red positive → place under polarised light → Apple green birefringence

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14
Q

How do immunohistochemical stains work and what are the two types

A

Based on using antibodies specific to an antigen in the tissue
Needs a detection system to make this binding visible

Immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase

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15
Q

What are the following markers of: cytokeratin, CD45, CK20, CK7

A

Cytokeratin: epithelial marker
CD45: Lymphoid marker
CK20: primary bowel cancer
CK7: primary bowel cancer

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16
Q

What stains are used for the following: melanin, amyloid, iron, cells components

A

Melaning: Fontana
Amyloid: Congo red
Iron: Prussian blue
Nucleus: Haemtoxylin (purple/blue)
Cytoplasm: Eosin (red/pink)

17
Q

What is the difference between immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase

A

Immunofluorescence: Ab binds to Ag; need fluorescently tagged Ab to bind to Ab-Ag complex

Immunoperoxidase: Ab binds to Ag in tissue → add enzyme to Ab → substrate added → product has a specific colour change

18
Q

What are the features of Transitional cell carcinomas and where can you find them

A

Epithelium can stretch

Found in the kidney, pelvis, ureters, bladder