HistoPath - Advanced Flashcards

1
Q

What is a teratoma

A

A type of germ cell tumour that can arise from all 3 of the germinal layers:
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

May occur from germ cells left behind during embryonic migration from the posterior dorsal ridges

Can contain any type of tissue e.g. skin, hair, nails, bone, teeth, muscle
Can be mature or immature

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2
Q

Where are teratomas usually found

A

Teratomas may be found outside the gonads, usually in the middle of the body: pineal, base of the skull, mediastinum, retroperitoneum and sacro-coccygeal area

More common in the ovary than testis

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3
Q

What is a mature cystic teratoma

A

Cyst with fully developed tissue
Usually appears in children (benign)
Often malignant in adults

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4
Q

What is a immature teratoma

A

Undifferentiated tissue that resembles embryonic tissues
Usually in adults
Usually metastasises quickly

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5
Q

What is grading of malignant immature teratomas based on

A

Amount of immature neural tissue (Number of foci per high power field per slide)

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6
Q

What are the features of neuroendocrine tumours on microscopy

A

Granules seen
Markers:
- Chromogranin
- Synaptophysin
- CD56

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7
Q

Where can neuroendocrine tumours be found

A

Foregut
Thymus
Oesophagus
Lung
Stomach
Duodenum
Pancreas
Midgut
Appendix
Ileum
Caecum
Ascending colon
Hindgut
Distal bowel
Rectum

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8
Q

What are the treatment options for well-differentiated vs poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumours

A

Well-differentiated: observation, somatostatin analogues, radionuclide therapy

Poorly: chmotherapy

+ everolimus, sunitinib, alpha-interferon

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9
Q

What does staging depend on for neuroendocrine tumours

A

Site of tumour

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10
Q

Give examples of hypersecretory tumours and what they produce

A

Zollinger-Ellison - Gastrin (stimulates acid release from the parietal cells)
Carcinoid - Serotonin
Hypoglycaemia - insulin

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