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General Microbiology > micro test 3 > Flashcards

micro test 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a generation is a

A

doubling of the population

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2
Q

the – creates 2 cellular compartments during binary fission

A

septum

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3
Q

– have the same activity as lysozyme and break down glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycan at the point of new synthesis

A

autolysins

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4
Q

– is highly hydrophobic and shuttles precursors across the membrane.

A

bactoprenol

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5
Q

– interacts with assembly proteins to catalyze incorporation of new sugars (glycosidic bonds)

A

bactoprenol

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6
Q

peptidoglycan transpeptidase catalyzes

A

cross linking

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7
Q

penicillin targets –

A

peptidoglycan transpeptidase

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8
Q

a long doubling time means a – growth rate

A

slow

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9
Q

every time there is a 1000 fold increase in cell populations, there has been around — generations

A

10

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10
Q

exponential growth equation

A

N=N0 * 2^n

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11
Q

generation time equation

A

g= t/n

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12
Q

in the exponential growth equation, what does N mean

A

number of cells at a given time

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13
Q

in the exponential growth equation, what does N0 mean

A

starting number of cells

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14
Q

in the exponential growth equation, what does n mean

A

the number of generations

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15
Q

in the generation time equation, what does g mean

A

generation time

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16
Q

in the generation time equation, what does t mean

A

time

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17
Q

in the generation time equation, what does n mean

A

number of generations

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18
Q

what equation can be used to determine generation time from the slope of a line

A

g= log2/ slope

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19
Q

how can division rate be calculated from generation time

A

1/g= division rate

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20
Q

what is the log of 10^8

A

8

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21
Q

what is the log of 100

A

2

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22
Q

what is 1/log(2)

A

3.3

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23
Q

? = 3.3(logN - logN0)

A

n

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24
Q

– is the phase where the bacteria is not yet in the exponential phase

A

lag phase

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25
Q

– is the phase with exponential growth

A

exponential

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26
Q

– is the phase where the bacteria have run out of nutrients and can no longer grow, but are still viable

A

stationary phase

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27
Q

– phase is when the bacteria can no longer grow and are not viable

A

death

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28
Q

chemostats can control bacterial growth rate through control of nutrient —

A

supply

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29
Q

chemostats can control bacterial cell density through control of nutrient —

A

concentration

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30
Q

if the – is too fast, washout will occur

A

dilution rate

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31
Q

a – supplies a constant supply of cells in a stable, unvarying condition

A

chemostat

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32
Q

do you have to use pure cultures in a chemostat

A

no

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33
Q

total cell counts and viable cell counts are both – measurements

A

direct

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34
Q

turbidimetric measurements are – measurements

A

indirect

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35
Q

direct cell counts are hard with – cells

A

motile

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36
Q

what is the great plate count anamoly

A

the number of viable cells is lower than it should be

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37
Q

why use CFU instead of cell in pour plates

A

not every cell gives rise to a colony

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38
Q

temperature at which enzymatic reactions occur at maximal possible rate

A

optimum

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39
Q

temperature at which membrane gells; transport processes are so slow that growth cannot occur

A

minimum

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40
Q

temperature at which proteins denature; collapse of the cytoplasmic membrane; thermal lysis

A

maximum

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41
Q

organisms that prefer temperatures around 4 degrees C

A

psychrophile

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42
Q

organisms that prefer temperatures around 39 degrees C

A

mesophile

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43
Q

organisms that prefer temperatures around 60 degrees C

A

thermophile

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44
Q

organisms that prefer temperatures around 88 degrees C

A

hyperthermophile

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45
Q

organisms that can grow at <5 degrees C but prefer temperatures around 20-40 degrees C

A

psychrotolerant

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46
Q

– organisms tend to have more alpha helices and less beta sheets

A

psychrophilic

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47
Q

– organisms tend to have more polar side chains and fewer weak interactions

A

psychrophilic

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48
Q

— organisms tend to have more unsaturated lipids in the membrane

A

psychrophilic

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49
Q

cryoprotective molecules reduce dehydration and – formation

A

ice crystal

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50
Q

– proteins tend to be less heat tolerant than thermophilic proteins

A

photosynthetic

51
Q

prokaryotes have – temperature growth abilities than eukaryotes

A

higher

52
Q

the – branch contains the most thermophilic and hyperthermophilic species

A

archaeal

53
Q

non-phototrophs can exceed phototrophs in — growth abilities

A

thermophilic

54
Q

— organisms tend to have amino acid substitutions at key places to increase stability

A

thermophilic

54
Q

– organisms tend to have more ionic bonds and denser hydrophobic protein cores

A

thermophilic

54
Q

some — organisms have phospholipid monolayers (archaea)

A

thermophilic

54
Q

— organisms tend to have high saturation rates of fatty acids in their membranes

A

thermophilic

55
Q

PCR uses Taq polymerase because it is from a — organism

A

thermophilic

56
Q

— grow at low pH

A

acidophiles

57
Q

— grows at high pH

A

alkaliphiles

58
Q

– are necessary inside the cell to draw in water and to maintain a positive water balance

A

solutes

59
Q

– require O2 for growth; O2 is the final e- acceptor in their respiration

A

obligate aerobes

60
Q

– do not need or use O2. O2 is toxic to these organisms. these organisms ferment or respire without O2

A

obligate anaerobes

61
Q

– organisms that can switch between aeobic and anaerobic respiration

A

facultative anaerobes

62
Q

— require some oxygen yet atmospheric levels are toxic

A

microaerophiles

63
Q

— bacteria with an exclusively fermentative type of metabolism but they are insensitive to O2

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

64
Q

O2 + e- =

A

superoxide, toxic

65
Q

O2- + e- =

A

H2O2, toxic

66
Q

H2O2 + e- =

A

OH + radical

67
Q

OH (+ radical) + e- =

A

H2O

68
Q

what enzyme: H2O2 + H2O2 -> 2 H2O + O2

A

catalase

69
Q

what enzyme: H2O2 + NADH + H+ -> 2 H2O + NAD+

A

peroxidase

70
Q

O2- + O2- + 2H+ -> H2O2 + O2

A

superoxide dismutase

71
Q

O2- + 2H+ + cyt c(reduced) -> H2O2 + cyt c(oxidized)

A

superoxide reductase

72
Q

— is the positive reaction from the catalase test

A

bubbling

73
Q

– is the most widely used method of sterilization

A

heat

74
Q

— must eliminate the most heat resistant organisms, usually bacterial endospores

A

sterilization

75
Q

— does not sterilize liquids but reduces microbial load (prevents spoilage)

A

pastuerization

76
Q

— amount of time at a temperature that it takes cells to decrease in viability by 10%

A

decimal reduction time

77
Q

– use steam to sterilize things

A

autoclave

78
Q

is pastuerization a sterilization technique

A

no

79
Q

– radiation causes surface decontamination

A

UV

80
Q

– radiation generates highly reactive ions

A

ionizing

81
Q

lethal dose of ionizing radiation for humans (grays)

A

10

82
Q

– filters filter air and have a fibrous nature

A

depth

83
Q

– filters have ~80% open pores and traps filtrate on the surface; common for heat sensitive liquid filtration

A

standard membrane

84
Q

— filters are formed by etching polycarbonate film after nuclear radiation

A

nucleopore membrane

85
Q

the amount of radiation to be applied to reduce the viable cell numbers by a factor of 10^12

A

lethal dose

86
Q

– agents kill bacteria

A

bactericidal

87
Q

– agents stop bacteria from growing

A

bacteriostatic

88
Q

– agents kill bacteria and lyses them open

A

bacteriolytic

89
Q

gaseous infusion of chemicals; no living tissue left

A

sterilant

90
Q

kill most organisms (not endospores); cationic detergents

A

disinfectants

91
Q

reduce microbial populations to “safe” levels; chlorine and iodine compounds

A

sanitizer

92
Q

safe for application to living tissue; alcohol solutions

A

antiseptics

93
Q

what is the folic acid analog

A

sulfanilamide

94
Q

naturally occurring substances with antibacterial properties

A

antibiotics

95
Q

— can make bacteria resistant to penicillin

A

beta-lactamase

96
Q

attacks DNA gyrase

A

quinolones; ciprofloxacin

97
Q

attacks RNA pol

A

rifampin

98
Q

attacks cell wall synthesis

A

penicillins

99
Q

attacks 50S protein synthesis

A

erythromycin

100
Q

attacks 30S protein synthesis

A

tetracyclines

101
Q

the range of species for which an antibiotic is effective

A

antibiotic spectrum

102
Q

effect of a combination of antibiotics is greater than the sum of either antibiotic separately

A

antibiotic synergism

103
Q

interference of efficacy of one antibiotic when coupled with a second antibiotic

A

antibiotic antagonism

104
Q

resistance: if the target changes so the antimicrobial cannot interact

A

target modification

105
Q

resistance: if the cell can pump out the antibiotic

A

antibiotic efflux

106
Q

resistance: if the antibiotics are broken down or modified so they cannot work

A

antibiotic modification

107
Q

resistance: cells will get a nutrient that they need that they can no longer make

A

resistant pathways

108
Q

resistance: antibiotics cannot enter the cell

A

antibiotic impermeability

109
Q

when something is toxic to only a certain type of cells (non-human)

A

selective toxicity

110
Q

– are genetic elements with an obligate intracellular replication cycle

A

viruses

111
Q

— are the extracellular form which include the nucleic acid and normally a protein coat and possibly an outer envelope

A

virion

112
Q

classes of viruses:

A

ss DNA, ds DNA, ss RNA, ds RNA, ss RNA -> DNA, ds DNA -> RNA

113
Q

in viruses, the nucleic acid is surrounded by a protein coat called the —

A

capsid

114
Q

capsids are made up of one or more protein subunits called

A

capsomers

115
Q

enveloped virus membranes are derived from —

A

host cell membrane

116
Q

can viruses have enzymatic activity away from the host cell

A

no

117
Q

viruses of eukaryotes can be grown in –

A

tissue culture

118
Q

– are typically grown as plaques on lawns of cells

A

bacteriophage

119
Q

– refers to the fact that normally only a small portion of the virions result in plaques

A

plating efficiency

120
Q
A

General Microbiology (4 decks)

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