micro test 1 Flashcards
characteristic of cellular life: uptake of nutrients from the environment within the cell, and elimination of wastes into the environment.
metabolism
characteristic of cellular life: chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the direction of preexisting cells
reproduction
characteristic of cellular life: formation of a new cell structure such as a spore, usually part of a cellular life cycle
differentiation
characteristic of cellular life: cells communicate or interact primarily by means of chemicals that are released or taken up
communication
characteristic of cellular life: living organisms are often capable of self propulsion
movement
characteristic of cellular life: cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties.
evolution
microbiologist: first to describe microorganisms, coined the term cells on viewing cork
Robert Hooke
microbiologist: first to describe bacterial cells, “wee animalcules”
leeuwenhoek
microbiologist: founder of the science of bacteriology, defined bacteria, developed initial classification scheme for bacteria
Cohn
microbiologist: microbes in lactic acid fermentation, yeast in alcohol fermentation, disproof of spontaneous generation, developed vaccines
Pasteur
microbiologist: developed methods for pure cultures, postulates for determination of the etiological agents of disease, discovered cause of tuberculoses
Koch
microbiologist: germ theory of disease
Koch
microbiologist: enrichment culture, nitrogen fixation, first to describe viruses
Beijerinck
microbiologist: chemolithotropy
Winogradsky
— typically contain a single circular chromosome
prokaryotes
— normally have pairs of several linear chromsomes
eukaryotes
prokaryotes are — (haploid/diploid?)
haploid
circular, extrachromosomal, genetic elements
plasmids
are plasmids essential under standard growing conditions
no
the – is a membrane enclosed structure that contains the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells
nucleus
the — is the aggregated mass of DNA that constitutes the chromosome of cells of bacteria and archaea
nucleoid
– get energy from chemicals
chemotrophs
— get energy from the sun
phototrophs
— get energy from organic chemicals
chemoorganotrophs
— get energy from inorganic chemicals
chemolithotrophs
— get carbon from organic compounds
heterotrophs
all chemoorganotrophs are –
heterotrophs
— use completely oxidized carbon as their carbon source
autotrophs
– producers are the autotrophs, organisms that produce organic carbon dioxide
primary
large group of bacteria that are gram negative
proteobacteria
group of bacteria that includes endospore-formers bacillus and clostridium, gram +
gram positive bacteria
group of bacteria that are oxygenic phototrophs
cyanobacteria
group of stalked bacteria
planctomycetes
group of bacteria with long, thin, spiral shapes
spirochetes
group of bacteria that are highly resistant to radiation
deinoccoci
group of archaea that are extreme heat dwelling
pyrolobus
group of archaea that are salt loving
halobacteria
group of archaea that have no cell wall and grow at a pH <1
thermoplasma
mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a phototroph
lichen
— makes up about 70% of the weight of a typical bacterial cell (molecule)
water
non-informational biological macromolecules (2)
polysaccharides, lipids
informational biological macromolecules (2)
nucleic acids, proteins
pentoses are used for –
nucleic acids
hexoses are used for –
storage molecules, cell wall monomers
cell wall precursor
N-acetylglucosamine
do different glycosidic bonds result in different properties in polysaccharides
yes
macromolecule: amphipathic, aggregate to form membranes, energy rich bonds, good for storage
lipids
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
purines
adenine, guanine
macromolecule: informational, components are C5 carbohydrates, nitrogenous base, and phosphate
nucleic acid
what attaches to 1’ carbon of a ribose
nitrogen base
what attaches to the 3’ carbon of ribose
phosphodiester bond/other nucleotides
what happens at the 2’ carbon of a ribose
OH or H
macromolecule: peptide bonds, structural complexity, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
proteins
protein secondary structures
alpha helices, beta sheets
microscopy: type of microscopy that includes bright-field, phase contrast, dark field, and fluorescence
light
– microscopy allows visualization of samples with sufficient contrast. using wet mounts, live cells can be examined
bright field
– increases contrast in cells by absorbing transmitted light. it can kill cells and distort their morphologies
staining
differential stain
gram stain
– microscopy allows visualization of samples that have poor contrast (low absorption), but have different refractive indicies. converts phase differences
phase contrast
— microscopy where light admitted to the objective is only that reflected by, or defracted through the sample
darkfield
— microscopy where polarized light is split into distinct beams, and then generate a 3d image
differential interference contrast (DIC)
– microscopy: no lenses, not a form of light microscopy, image is generated by a stylus that scans the specimen and the image is generated by a computer, image is 3d
atomic force
– microscopy: laser illumination is directed through a thin plane of focus, digital images collected on a computer can be stacked to produce a 3d view of a complex, thick specimen
confocal scanning laser
microscopy: uses electrons instead of light waves for increased resolution, about 1000x smaller than a light microscope
electron
— microscopy: uses electromagnets to focus electron beam through the sample, can examine internal detail
transmission EM
— microscopy: for viewing surfaces only, specimen is coated in an e- dense film, e- are reflected from sample to detector and assembled into an image
scanning EM
— linkages are common in bacterial and eukaryotic phospholipids
ester
— linkages are common in archaeal phospholipids
ether
— compose the hydrophobic portion of bacterial membranes
fatty acids
polymers of isoprene called — compose the hydrophobic portion of archaeal membranes
phytanyl
planar lipids that are rare in prokaryotes
sterols
planar lipids that are found in bacteria but not known in archaea
hopanoids
membrane function: prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport and nutrients into and out of the cell
permeability barrier
membrane function: site of many proteins involved in transport, bioenergetics, and chemotaxis
protein anchor
membrane function: site of generation and use of the proton motive force
energy conservation
transport driven by the energy in the proton motive force
simple
transportation where chemical modification of the transported substance is driven by phosphoenolpyruvate
group translocation
transportation where periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP
ABC system
simple transporter with one direction transport and a single molecule
uniporter
simple transporter with two direction transport with two molecules
antiporter
simple transporter with one direction transport with two molecules
symporters
glucose, mannose, and fructose are all controlled by the phosphotransferase system, which is the — method of transporting
group translocation
do all cells have cell walls
no
archaea lack —, but have cell walls made of different polysaccharides
peptidoglycan
do gram positives or gram negatives have a larger peptidoglycan layer
gram positives
allow for permeability across the outer membrane, create channels that traverse the membrane
porins
