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General Microbiology > micro test 1 > Flashcards

micro test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

characteristic of cellular life: uptake of nutrients from the environment within the cell, and elimination of wastes into the environment.

A

metabolism

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2
Q

characteristic of cellular life: chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the direction of preexisting cells

A

reproduction

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3
Q

characteristic of cellular life: formation of a new cell structure such as a spore, usually part of a cellular life cycle

A

differentiation

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4
Q

characteristic of cellular life: cells communicate or interact primarily by means of chemicals that are released or taken up

A

communication

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5
Q

characteristic of cellular life: living organisms are often capable of self propulsion

A

movement

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6
Q

characteristic of cellular life: cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties.

A

evolution

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7
Q

microbiologist: first to describe microorganisms, coined the term cells on viewing cork

A

Robert Hooke

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8
Q

microbiologist: first to describe bacterial cells, “wee animalcules”

A

leeuwenhoek

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9
Q

microbiologist: founder of the science of bacteriology, defined bacteria, developed initial classification scheme for bacteria

A

Cohn

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10
Q

microbiologist: microbes in lactic acid fermentation, yeast in alcohol fermentation, disproof of spontaneous generation, developed vaccines

A

Pasteur

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11
Q

microbiologist: developed methods for pure cultures, postulates for determination of the etiological agents of disease, discovered cause of tuberculoses

A

Koch

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12
Q

microbiologist: germ theory of disease

A

Koch

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13
Q

microbiologist: enrichment culture, nitrogen fixation, first to describe viruses

A

Beijerinck

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14
Q

microbiologist: chemolithotropy

A

Winogradsky

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15
Q

— typically contain a single circular chromosome

A

prokaryotes

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16
Q

— normally have pairs of several linear chromsomes

A

eukaryotes

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17
Q

prokaryotes are — (haploid/diploid?)

A

haploid

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18
Q

circular, extrachromosomal, genetic elements

A

plasmids

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19
Q

are plasmids essential under standard growing conditions

A

no

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20
Q

the – is a membrane enclosed structure that contains the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells

A

nucleus

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21
Q

the — is the aggregated mass of DNA that constitutes the chromosome of cells of bacteria and archaea

A

nucleoid

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22
Q

– get energy from chemicals

A

chemotrophs

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23
Q

— get energy from the sun

A

phototrophs

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24
Q

— get energy from organic chemicals

A

chemoorganotrophs

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25
Q

— get energy from inorganic chemicals

A

chemolithotrophs

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26
Q

— get carbon from organic compounds

A

heterotrophs

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27
Q

all chemoorganotrophs are –

A

heterotrophs

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28
Q

— use completely oxidized carbon as their carbon source

A

autotrophs

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29
Q

– producers are the autotrophs, organisms that produce organic carbon dioxide

A

primary

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30
Q

large group of bacteria that are gram negative

A

proteobacteria

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31
Q

group of bacteria that includes endospore-formers bacillus and clostridium, gram +

A

gram positive bacteria

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32
Q

group of bacteria that are oxygenic phototrophs

A

cyanobacteria

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33
Q

group of stalked bacteria

A

planctomycetes

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34
Q

group of bacteria with long, thin, spiral shapes

A

spirochetes

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35
Q

group of bacteria that are highly resistant to radiation

A

deinoccoci

36
Q

group of archaea that are extreme heat dwelling

A

pyrolobus

37
Q

group of archaea that are salt loving

A

halobacteria

38
Q

group of archaea that have no cell wall and grow at a pH <1

A

thermoplasma

39
Q

mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a phototroph

A

lichen

40
Q

— makes up about 70% of the weight of a typical bacterial cell (molecule)

A

water

41
Q

non-informational biological macromolecules (2)

A

polysaccharides, lipids

42
Q

informational biological macromolecules (2)

A

nucleic acids, proteins

43
Q

pentoses are used for –

A

nucleic acids

44
Q

hexoses are used for –

A

storage molecules, cell wall monomers

45
Q

cell wall precursor

A

N-acetylglucosamine

46
Q

do different glycosidic bonds result in different properties in polysaccharides

A

yes

47
Q

macromolecule: amphipathic, aggregate to form membranes, energy rich bonds, good for storage

A

lipids

48
Q

pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

49
Q

purines

A

adenine, guanine

50
Q

macromolecule: informational, components are C5 carbohydrates, nitrogenous base, and phosphate

A

nucleic acid

51
Q

what attaches to 1’ carbon of a ribose

A

nitrogen base

52
Q

what attaches to the 3’ carbon of ribose

A

phosphodiester bond/other nucleotides

53
Q

what happens at the 2’ carbon of a ribose

A

OH or H

54
Q

macromolecule: peptide bonds, structural complexity, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures

A

proteins

55
Q

protein secondary structures

A

alpha helices, beta sheets

56
Q

microscopy: type of microscopy that includes bright-field, phase contrast, dark field, and fluorescence

A

light

57
Q

– microscopy allows visualization of samples with sufficient contrast. using wet mounts, live cells can be examined

A

bright field

58
Q

– increases contrast in cells by absorbing transmitted light. it can kill cells and distort their morphologies

A

staining

59
Q

differential stain

A

gram stain

60
Q

– microscopy allows visualization of samples that have poor contrast (low absorption), but have different refractive indicies. converts phase differences

A

phase contrast

61
Q

— microscopy where light admitted to the objective is only that reflected by, or defracted through the sample

A

darkfield

62
Q

— microscopy where polarized light is split into distinct beams, and then generate a 3d image

A

differential interference contrast (DIC)

63
Q

– microscopy: no lenses, not a form of light microscopy, image is generated by a stylus that scans the specimen and the image is generated by a computer, image is 3d

A

atomic force

64
Q

– microscopy: laser illumination is directed through a thin plane of focus, digital images collected on a computer can be stacked to produce a 3d view of a complex, thick specimen

A

confocal scanning laser

65
Q

microscopy: uses electrons instead of light waves for increased resolution, about 1000x smaller than a light microscope

A

electron

66
Q

— microscopy: uses electromagnets to focus electron beam through the sample, can examine internal detail

A

transmission EM

67
Q

— microscopy: for viewing surfaces only, specimen is coated in an e- dense film, e- are reflected from sample to detector and assembled into an image

A

scanning EM

68
Q

— linkages are common in bacterial and eukaryotic phospholipids

A

ester

69
Q

— linkages are common in archaeal phospholipids

A

ether

70
Q

— compose the hydrophobic portion of bacterial membranes

A

fatty acids

71
Q

polymers of isoprene called — compose the hydrophobic portion of archaeal membranes

A

phytanyl

72
Q

planar lipids that are rare in prokaryotes

A

sterols

73
Q

planar lipids that are found in bacteria but not known in archaea

A

hopanoids

74
Q

membrane function: prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport and nutrients into and out of the cell

A

permeability barrier

75
Q

membrane function: site of many proteins involved in transport, bioenergetics, and chemotaxis

A

protein anchor

76
Q

membrane function: site of generation and use of the proton motive force

A

energy conservation

77
Q

transport driven by the energy in the proton motive force

A

simple

78
Q

transportation where chemical modification of the transported substance is driven by phosphoenolpyruvate

A

group translocation

79
Q

transportation where periplasmic binding proteins are involved and energy comes from ATP

A

ABC system

80
Q

simple transporter with one direction transport and a single molecule

A

uniporter

81
Q

simple transporter with two direction transport with two molecules

A

antiporter

82
Q

simple transporter with one direction transport with two molecules

A

symporters

83
Q

glucose, mannose, and fructose are all controlled by the phosphotransferase system, which is the — method of transporting

A

group translocation

84
Q

do all cells have cell walls

A

no

85
Q

archaea lack —, but have cell walls made of different polysaccharides

A

peptidoglycan

86
Q

do gram positives or gram negatives have a larger peptidoglycan layer

A

gram positives

87
Q

allow for permeability across the outer membrane, create channels that traverse the membrane

A

porins

General Microbiology (4 decks)

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