micro test 2 Flashcards
short, filamentous protein structures
pili and fimbriae
Paracrystalline surface layers (S-layers) — in archaea
can substitute for cell wall
are pili or fimbriae longer
pili
– are notable virulence factors
capsules
two dimensional lattice of proteins
S later
is the S layer a permeability layer
no
cell inclusions are
intracellular storage
poly beta hydroxyalkanoate inclusions store — and appear in —- environments
lipids, nutrient rich
sulfur can be stored as a granule in the periplasm because it is an — inclusion
inorganic
magnetotactic bacteria
orient towards magnetic fields
gas vesicles are used by cells to —
remain buoyant in water
GvpA is mostly in
beta sheets
metabolically dormant cells
endospores
in endospores, — is condensed and there is – free water
DNA, little
outer layer of endospore
spore coat
fitting into the majot/minor groove of DNA
intercalating
— bind tightly to DNA, converting it to A form
SASP
flagella that are around the entire outside of a cell
petritrichous
flagella that form a tuft on the outside fo the cell
lopotrichous
flagella that form in 1 or 2 spots and in opposite directions
polar
energy to drive rotation of the flagellum is derived from the —
proton motive force
what protein do H+ use to enter the cell and drive flagella spin
Mot protein
reversible flagella can spin in — direction(s)
two
unidirectional flagella change direction by
tumbling
protein subunits that make the flagellar shaft
flagellin
movement along a solid surface without flagella
gliding motility
movement towards or away from an attractant or repellant
chemotaxis
movement in response to a light source
phototaxis
movement to a place surrounding the light
scotophototaxis
cells with a periplasm are gram
negative
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and iron are
macronutrients
most abundant atom in cells
carbon
siderophores bind to – outside of the cell
iron
insoluble Fe3+ needs to be — to a soluble ferrous form when brought into the cell
reduced
aquachelin bind to — outside of the cell
iron
— media means that only one type of cell can grow
selective
— media means that different things can grow, but you can tell the difference between the cells
differential
— media means that you know exactly the concentrations of everything in the media
defined
— the energy released from a reaction that can be used to do work
free energy
— reactions have negative change in free energy between the reactants and the products of a reaction
exergonic
— reactions have positive change in free energy between the reactants and the products of a reaction
endergonic
exergonic reactions — energy
release
endergonic reactions — energy
require
catabolic reactions are usually —
exergonic
— is the breakdown of something into smaller things for the cell to use
catabolism
— are catalytic proteins
enzymes
what enzyme breaks bonds in a fructose substrate and can be reused
aldolase
the site on the enzyme that affects catalysis
active site
non-peptide enzyme associated molecule that is tightly bound as part of the enzyme complex
prosthetic group
non-peptide enzyme associated molecule that is loosely bound to the enzyme complex, and may associate with several different enzymes. most are derived from vitamins
coenzyme
the — substance is the electron donor
oxidized
the — substance is the electron acceptor
reduced
NAD+/NADH are —
coenzymes
phosphophoenalpyruvate, glucose 6-phosphate, acetyl phosphate, and acetyl-CoA are all
energy storage
poly-hydroxyalkanoates and glycogen are — energy storage in bacteria
long term
— level phosphorylation is fermentative
substrate
— level phosphorylation is respiratory
oxidative
photo-phosphorylation is used in
phototrophs
which form of atp synthesis requires cytoplasmic membrane participation
oxidative
glucose is — to bring it into the cell
phosphorylated
glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase uses NAD+ as a
coenzyme
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate donates a high energy P to NAD+ to create 2 ATP, this is
substrate level phosphorylation
NAD+ is — to form ATP and — to form byproducts
oxidized, reduced
— respiration uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
aerobic
— respiration uses a molecule other than oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor
anaerobic
protein or not: NADH dehydrogenase
protein
protein or not: flavoproteins
protein
protein or not: cytochromes
protein
protein or not: quinones
not protein
NADH dehydrogenases, flavoproteins, iron sulfur proteins, cytochromes, and quinones are all
electron transport carriers
what electron transport carrier binds to NADH and is membrane bound to the cytoplasm and donates 2e- and 2H+ to flavoproteins
NADH dehydrogenase
what electron transport carrier is bound to riboflavin derivatives and accepts 2e- and 2H+ from NADH dehydrogenase
flavoproteins
what electron transport carrier is a non-heme iron protein that contains Fe-S clustered by cysteines in protein and only carries electrons
iron sulfur proteins
what electron transport carrier is heme prosthetic group with an iron center and a single electron transfer
cytochromes
what electron transport carrier is hydrophobic, found in the membrane, accepts 2e- and 2H+, donates 2e-
quinones
ATP synthase has — headpieces
3
what is in each of the headpieces of atp synthase
nothing, adp and pi, atp
inhibitors of atp synthesis block
electron transport
— allow protons to pass across the membrane by making them “leaky”
uncouplers
what structure of the cell converts the proton motive force into atp
atp synthase
how many atp per glucose in oxidative phosphorylation
38
what part of the CAC is a precursor for amino acids
oxaloacetate
what part of the CAC is a precursor for phosphoenol pyruvate
oxaloacetate
what part of the CAC is used in fatty acid biosynthesis
acetyl-coa
what part of the CAC is used in porphyrin ring synthesis
succinyl-coa
chemolithotrophy uses something that is not organic instead of —
glucose
phototrophy uses water molecules that are raised in energy using — to donate electrons to an ETC
light
what is the carbon source for autotrophic organisms
CO2
how are photoautotrophs different from photoheterotrophs
where the carbon is coming from
which electron carrier is not composed of the same macromolecule as the others
quinones
— reactions are the consumption of energy, have a positive change in free energy, and are used to build molecules
anabolic
do cells that don’t get glucose in their environment need it
yes
what molecule does ribonucleotide reductase form
DNA
— supplies glucose to growing polymers
ADPG
purines are made from —
inosine
pyrimidines are made from —
orotate
— holds elongating fatty acids (biosynthesis)
acyl carrier protein
what form of nitrogen is commonly used to form the amino group of amino acids
ammonia, NH3
purines
adenine, guanine
pyrimidines
thymine, uracil, cytosine
the doubling of a population is called a
generation
the — is a ring of FtsZ which recruits other things involved in cell divison
divisiome
— precedes FtsZ ring formation
DNA replication
— proteins localize the septum formation
Min
A, C, U, T: which might use inosine as an intermediate
adenine
calcium-dipicolinic acid reduces
water availability
what does Gvp stand for
gas vesicle protein
— media: you know what is in the media but not the exact concentrations
complex
NAD+, NADP+, and FAD are all — during the CAC
oxidized
what form is carbon released in during the CAC
CO2
counter clockwise flagella rotation causes
runs
clockwise flagella rotation causes
tumbles
