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CRRAB 2 > Micro - Respiratory > Flashcards

Micro - Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

A

otitis externa, sinusitis, rhinitis, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, laryngitis

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2
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

A

bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia

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3
Q

Respiratory Defenses

A
  1. Mucociliary lining of nasal cavity
  2. Change of direction of airway (pathogens get trapped in mucous layer)
  3. Ciliary Elevator
  4. Normal flora competition
  5. Alveolar macrophages (innate immune system)
  6. IgA (acquired immune system)
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4
Q

2 Major obstacles organisms must overcome

A
  1. Avoid/survive mucus layers

2. Avoid phagocytosis and survive

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5
Q

Turbinate Bones

A

“Baffle plates”

covered with mucus –> air swirls as it passes over –> pathogens come into contact with mucus covered passages

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6
Q

Mucociliary Elevator

A
  1. mucus-producing goblet cells
  2. ciliated epithelium
    * smoking paralyzes the cilia –> smoking cessation can lead to regrowth of cilia
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7
Q

Normal flora of respiratory tract

A

Upper - lots

Lower - NONE –> considered sterile

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8
Q

Pathogen initiation of disease

A
  1. Must be sufficient dose of microorganisms
  2. infectious particles must be airborne
  3. airborne particles must be viable in air
  4. organisms must be deposited on tissue susceptible to infeciton
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9
Q

Rhinitis

A

Common cold - generally no fever
Nasal stuffiness, sneezing, headache, tiredness, lacrimation, sore throat
Usually seen in winter, spread person-person
- symptoms peak 2-5 days post infection, resolved by 14 days
- supportive therapy

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10
Q

Rhinovirus

A 
#1 cause of rhinitis
RNA virus --> icosahedral --> non-enveloped --> ss(+)non-segmented(IV) --> picornaviridae
infects nasal passages following attachment to ICAM-1 --> localized inflammation and lytic infection --> ciliated epithelial cells are destroyed
- break in barrier may lead to secondary infection by normal flora
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11
Q

Parainfluenza

A

RNA virus –> helical capsid –> enveloped –> ss(-)non-segmented(V) –> paramyxoviridae
F-protein –> forms multinucleated cells
Hemagglutinin –> interacts with salic acid –> endocytosis
Neuroaminidase –> envelope protein responsible for cleaving HA bound to salic acid –> viral spread

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12
Q

Coronavirus

A

RNA virus –> helical capsid –> enveloped –> ss(+)non-segmented (IV) –> coronaviridae
Can cause SARS –> rapidly progressive pneumonia

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13
Q

Mastadenovirus

A

DNA virus –> icosahedreal nucleocapsid –> non-enveloped –> DS linear DNA (I) –> adenoviridae
most common viral cause of conjunctivitis

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14
Q

Rhinosinusitis

A

inflammation or infection of mucosa of nasal passages and atleast 1 paranasal sinuses
2 most common causes = S. pneumoniae and H. flu
Sx: sneezing, rhinorrhea, congestion, post-nasal drip, aural fullness, facial pressure, headache
Fungal rhinosinusitis –> RARE, aspergillus fumigatus (immunocompromised)
- antibiotic treatment for bacterial causes

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15
Q

Strep pneumoniae

A

gram (+) diplococci –> catalase (-) –> alpha hemolytic –> bile-esculin negative –> optochin susceptible
Capsule, IgA proteases
Major cause of community acquired pneumonia

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16
Q

H. influenzae

A

gram (-) –> coccobacilli, pleomorphic –> X & V factors

IgA protease, capsule –> avoids phagocytosis

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17
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Majority caused by viruses (conjunctivitis, cough, hoarseness)
Strep pyogenes is most common bacterial cause (severe pain with swallowing)
Sx: fever, sore throat, edema, hyperemia of tonsils
Rapid strep test tells if bacterial –> culture takes 1-2 days
needs to be treated within 9 days to prevent glomerulonephritis or rheumatic fever

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18
Q

Strep pyogenes

A

gram (+) cocci –> catalse (-) –> beta-hemolytic –> bacitracin sensitive
attaches to mucosal epithelial cells with M-protein, lipoteichoic acid, and protein F
Capsule (hyaluronic acid) –> prevents phagocytosis
Protease and Hyaluronidase –> invasion
Streptokinase –> plasminogen to plasmin (fibrinolytic)

19
Q

Scarlet Fever

A

certain strains of s. pyogenes
Streptococcal Pyogenic Exotoxins –> SpeA, SpeB, SpeC, SpeF
encoded by lysogenized bacteriophage
“strawberry tongue”

20
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

gram (+) bacilli –> non-spore forming –> non-motile
produces AB toxin (B=binding, A=enzymatic activity)
toxin A –> acts against EF-2 (inhibits translation –> cellular death) –> airway blockage
DON’T disrupt the capsule –> pathogen will gain access to blood
Dtap and Tdap

21
Q

Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)

A

Fever, restlessness and shortness of breath
Mild URI and cold-like symptoms (winter time)
“Bark-like” cough with respiratory stridor (at night)
Symptoms peak 3-5 days and resolve 4-7 days
Caused by parainfluenza, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus

22
Q

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

A

helical nucleocapsid –> enveloped –> ss(-) nonsegmented –> paramyxoviridae –> pneumovirus
F-protein causes fusion of cells into “syncytium”
Attaches to epithelium via protein G

23
Q

Most common cause of pneumonia in neonates?

A 
Strep agalactiae (group B strep)
E. coli
24
Q

Adult pneumonia causes?

A

18-40 yrs (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia, strep pneumoniae)
40-65 yrs (S. pneumoniae, H. flu, Legionella, virus)
+65 yrs (S. pneumo, gram (-) rods, H. flu)

25
Q

Most common cause of meningitis in +60 yrs?

A

S. pneumo, Gram (-) rods, listeria

26
Q

Most common cause of meningitis in kids

A

S. pneumo, N. meningitidis, H. flu type B

27
Q

Coxsackievirus A/B

A

RNA –> icosahedral –> non-enveloped –> ss(+) (IV) –> picornaviridae –> enterovirus
fecal-to-oral transmission

28
Q

Influenza C virus

A

RNA –> helical –> enveloped –> ss(-) (V) –> orthomyxoviridae
Infects through Hemagglutinin –> salic acid and also neuroaminidase –> cleaves binding for viral spread

29
Q

Immune response to infection?

A

IL-1 and IFN-gamma

30
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis

A

2nd most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in patients with COPD
Pili, endotoxin, capsule

31
Q

Bronchitis

A

LRI - cough (hacking with sputum), fever, chest pain
prior to onset, typically common cold
CXR doesn’t reveal bronchitis
typically self limiting –> if longer than 14 days then antibiotic may be needed

32
Q

Bacterial causes of bronchitis

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Chlamydia pneumoniae

33
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

not gram (+) or (-)

34
Q

Chlamydia pneumoniae

A

not gram (+) or (-)

35
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

no alveolar involvement –> inflammation of bronchiole wall, typically in kids <1 yr because of tiny airways
RSV is main organism

36
Q

Pertussis (whooping cough)

A

2 Phases
1. after 3-21 day incubation period –> Catarrhal stage, lasts 1-2 weeks with cold symptoms (runny nose)
2. Paroxysmal stage –> severe uncontrollable coughing, can result in spasms, bursting blood vessels, vomitting
Recovery phase (convalescent stage) –> bacteria no longer cause ongoing symptoms –> epithelial cells recoverying (takes weeks to months)

37
Q

Bordatella Pertussis

A

gram (-) –> coccobacilli (pleomorphic) –> growth on bordet-gengou medium
AB toxin –> B-binding, A-enzymatic activity that increases cAMP –> massive overproduction of mucus –> cough
tracheal cytotoxin

38
Q

Influenza virus

A

RNA virus –> helical –> enveloped –> ss(-) segmented (V) –> orthomyxoviridae
8 segments
RNA polymerase –> no self-check –> lots of mutations –> constantly mutating
Hemagglutinin binds sialic acid –> neuraminidase cleaves to assist in invasion
Neuraminidase has HIGH rate of mutation so immune system has trouble gaining immunity

39
Q

Antigenic Shift

A

occurs when major changes in antigens occur due to gene reassortment in influenza virus

40
Q

Antigenic Drift

A

occurs when minor changes in antigens occur due to gene mutation in influenza virus
reason for the need of flu shot every year

41
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammatory condition in which fluid fills alveoli
most common cause = Strep pneumoniae
Typical - Sudden onset of fever, chills, dyspnea, productive cough, crackles of lungs
Atypical - gradual onset of non-productive cough, headache, sore throat, dyspnea, fever

42
Q

CXR use?

A

CXR will show infiltrates for pneumonia.

CXR is also used to exclude pneumonia and therefore diagnose bronchitis/bronchiolitis

43
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

gram (-) rods, staph aureus

44
Q

Pneumonia in immunocompromised

A 
Gram (-) rods
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Fungi
Filamentous bacteria
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Viruses

CRRAB 2 (21 decks)

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