Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CRRAB 2 > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

Centor Score

A

Indicator of bacterial infection

  • Absence of cough
  • Age (3-14)
  • Anterior Cervical Lymphadenopathy
  • Fever
  • Tonsillar erythema or exudate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Rapid Antigen Strep Test

A

Specific but not sensitive
- detects the C-carbohydrate protein on cell wall
If negative –> take a culture (gold standard)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Beta-lactams

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, aztreonam

- bind to PBP and inhibit transpeptidases –> build up of cell wall precursors –> cell lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anaphylaxis from penicillin

A

Give Epi

  • Vasoconstricts alpha receptors (increase BP)
  • Bronchodilates beta-2 receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aztreonam

A

beta-lactam antibiotic that can be used for patient with penicillin allergy
only effective against gram - organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Macrolides

A

Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin

  • binds 23s rRNA of 50S subunit inhibiting translocation
  • Broad spectrum coverage of respiratory pathogens
  • methylation of 23s resistance and efflux
  • GI discomfort, hepatic failure, QT syndrome, clarithromycin –> miscarriages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment failure of antibiotics

A
  1. Resistance
  2. Compliance
  3. Viral cause
  4. Neighboring flora express beta-lactamases
  5. Strep pyogenes enter epithelial cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Influenza antivirals

A

Adamantane –> resistance is extremely high b/c of change in viral M2 proton ion channel
Neuraminidase inhibitors –> active against dividing virus (prevent release)
- Oseltamivir - > 1yr, oral prodrug activated by hepatic esterases, renal excretion, GI, headache, fatigue
- Zanamivir - > 7yr, poor orally, inhaled but don’t give with asthma or pulmonary disease b/c of bronchospasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Superinfection

A

secondary infection occurring after previous infection

  • induced by broad spectrum antibiotic killing of normal flora
  • influenza infection –> apoptosis of airway epithelial cells –> enhances bacterial growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Community Acquired Pneumonia

A

spread of organisms normally in URI into LRI
- pneumonia + influenza are most common cause of infection-related mortality in US
Tx = otherwise healthy –> doxycycline or macrolide
comorbidities –> fluoroquinolone or beta-lactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mechanisms of Drug Resistance

A
  1. Increased elimination –> efflux
  2. Drug-inactivating enzymes
  3. Alteration in target molecule
  4. Decreased Uptake –> porins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Strep pneumo

A

penicillin resistance due to mutations in PBP and macrolide resistance due to changes in ribosomal binding site or efflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Gemifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin
bactericidal - direct inhibitor of DNA replication by binding bacterial topoisomerase (II (-)) and (IV +)
Broad spectrum
Resistance developed from overprescribing –> active efflux and mutations in topo
S.E. - GI, tendinopathies, avoid pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia

A

Doxycycline and azithromycin

Beta-lactams aren’t effective b/c of lack of cell wall in mycoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Doxycycline –> [ ] dependent
bacteriostatic - binds 30S subunit preventing attachment of tRNA
Limited spectrum b/c of resistance
Resistance –> increased efflux
S.E. - photosensitivity, discoloration of teeth, inhibits bone growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

[ ] dependent killing and time dependent

A

[ ] dependent –> concentrations >10 times above MIC

Time dependent –> effect depends on time above MIC

17
Q

Vancomycin

A

glycopeptide that inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to D-ala-D-ala and inhibiting transglycosylation reactions
- mainly against Gram + organisms
MRSA

18
Q

Linezolid

A

oxazolidone that targets 50S subunit and inhibits protein synthesis
- mainly against gram + organisms

19
Q

Porins of gram negative organisms

A

Gram - organisms have an extra layer on their cell with porins that medications have to enter through –> makes treatment more difficult of gram - organisms

20
Q

Polymyxin E/Colistin

A

binds phosphatidylehanolamine creating holes in the membrane
covers multidrug resistant Gram -
nephrotoxic –> use as last resort
no resistance

21
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum

A

reticuloendothelial cells
Mississippi/Ohio river valleys
- treat with amphotericin or itraconazole

22
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis

A

Rotting wood, Eastern US
broad based yeast
- treat with amphotericin or itraconazole

23
Q

Coccidioides immitis

A

“valley fever”
Endospores in spherule
SW US, dry climates
- treat with amphotericin or itraconazole

24
Q

Amphotericin B

A

binds ergosterol, creating holes in membrane
used for invasive systemic fungi in immunocompromised patients
Toxic because it can binds cholesterol too –> 80% of patients have nephrotoxicity
Rare resistance

25
Q

Azoles

A

Voriconazole, Itraconazole
binds fungal P-450 –> blocking production of ergosterol and causing accumulation of precursor
wide spectrum, orally available
Hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, alters hormones
Resistance –> altered P-450, efflux

CRRAB 2 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions