Micro rapid facts Flashcards by Justin oh

Encapsulated bacteria

“Even Some Pretty Nasty Killers Have Shiny Bodies”

E. Coli
Strep Pneumo**
Pseudomonas 
Neisseria meningitidis**
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Haemophillus influenza B**
Salmonella Typhi
Group B Strep

Cryptococcus (fungus)

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3 bacteria that can undergo transformation

S. Pneumoniae
H. Influenza B
N. Meningitidis

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5 bacterial toxins encoded in a lysogenic phage

Shiga like toxin
Botulinum Toxin
Cholera toxin
Diptheria toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of Strep pyogenes

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Bugs that do not gram stain well

Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Treponema (thin corkscrew shape)
Legionella pneumophilla (unusual branched chain fatty acids in cell wall)
Rickettsia
Chlamydia (lack peptidoglycan / muramic acid instead)

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What bugs can be stained by giemsa stain

Chlamydia
Borrelia 
Ricketsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
Histoplasma

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PAS stain bugs (glycogen / mucopolysaccharides)

Tropheryma whipplei

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Ziehl-Neelsen (Carbol Fuschin) bugs

Acid fast bacteria

Nocardia
Mycobacteria

Protozoa

Cryptosporridium oocysts

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India ink bugs

Cryptococcus neoformans

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Silver stain bugs

Fungi –> Pneumocystis
Legionella
Helicobacter pylori

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Urease positive organisms

Cryptococcus
H. Pylori
Proteus Mirabilis
Ureaplasma
Nocardia 
Klebsiella
S. epidermidis
S. Saprophyticus

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Catalase positive organisms

“cats Need PLACESS to hide”

Nocardia
Pseduomonas 
Listeria 
Aspergillus
Candida
E. Coli
Staphylococci
Serratia

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Pigment producing bacteria

Actinomyces Israelii –> yellow sulfur granules
Pseudomonas –> blue green
S. Aureus –> golden colonies
Serratia marcescens –> red pigment

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Which organisms use IgA protease as a virulence factor?

“SHiN”

Strep Pneumo
Haemophillus influenzae B
Neisseria

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Which organisms use a Type III secretion system?

Certain gram negative bacteria

Pseudomonas
Salmonella
Shigella
E. Coli

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What toxin does pseudomonas produce and whats it action?

Exotoxin A

Inactivate EF2

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What toxin does Shigella produce and whats its action?

Shiga toxin

Inhibits 60s ribosomes

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What toxin does EHEC produce and whats its action?

Shiga like toxin

Inhibits 60s ribosomes

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Which bacteria and their toxins increase cAMP?

ETEC - heat labile toxin
Bacillus anthracis toxin
Vibrio Cholera - cholera toxin
Bordatella pertussis - pertussis toxin (Inhibits Gi)

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What are the 3 main actions of LPS endotoxin?

Activates Macrophages –> IL-1 / TNF / NO release (fever, cell death, hypotension)

Activates complement –> C3a (histamine release) and C5a (neutrophil chemotaxis)

Activates tissue factor –> activates coagulation cascade leading to DIC

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3 bugs causing newborn sepsis and meningitis.

Group B strep
E. Coli
Listeria monocytogenes

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Most common bug causing osteomyelitis

Staph Aureus

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Gram negative diplococi (oxidase +) in COPD/smoker

Morexella Catarhalis

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Bugs that can cause rash on palms and soles

Rocky Mountain spotted fever
2ndary syphillis
Coxsackie A virus
Kawasaki disease

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Bugs that cause a false VDRL

Viral infections (mono, hepatitis)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever
Lupus / Leprosy

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Cat scratch disease and symptoms

Bartonella species ``` Lymphadenopathy at site Bacillary angiomatosis (confused for kaposi sarcoma in HIV patients) ```

Symptoms of Borrelia recurrentis and method of tranmission

Relapsing fever (due to surface antigenic variation) Louse transmission

Brucella species symptoms and mode of tranmission

Undulating fever Unpasteurized dairy / bodily fluids of infected animals (cow, sheep, goat)

Campylobacter tranmission

puppies livestock undercooked meat

Chlamydophilla Psittaci symptoms and mode of transmission

Psittacosis --> fever / dry cough Aerosol - Parrots and other birds

Coxiella burnetii symptoms and mode of transmission

Q fever --> fever goes on for several weeks Aerosol - cattle/sheep amniotic fluid or coats of newborn animals

Ehrlichia chaffeensis symptoms and mode of transmission

Ehrlichiosis - headache, muscle ache, fatigue Monocytes with morulae in cytoplasm Ambylomma (Lone star tick)

Francisella tularensis symptoms and mode of transmission

rabbits, ticks, deer fly

3 causes of atypical pneumonia

Chlamidophilla pneumoniae Legionella pneumophillae Mycoplasma pneumoniae

What mechanism does S. Sanguinis cause subacute endocarditis?

dextrans are made - bind to fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged heart valves

What type of agar is needed to culture Corynebacterium Diphtheriae?

Cysteine tellurite agar

What are the symptoms of corynebacteria?

Pseudomembranous pharyngitis Lymphadenopathy (bullfrog neck) Myocarditis Arrhythmias

What are the spore producing bacteria?

Clostridia Anthracis Coxiella Burnetii

Risk factors for Listeria monocytogenes infection

Ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products infected deli meats Transplacental transmission

What is a virulence factor for Mycobacteria?

Cord factor --> inhibits macrophage maturation and induces release of TNF-a Sulfatides --> inhibits phagolysosomal fusion

Which organism causes disseminated TB like pulmonary syndrome in HIV patients? What do we do for them?

Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare (MAC) Phrophylaxis with azithromycin when CD count

Side effect of Dapsone

Hemolysis in those with G6PD deficiency

Lactose fermenting enteric bacteria

macConKEE'S agar ``` C = Citrobacter (slow) K = Klebsiella (fast) E = E.Coli (fast) E = Enterobacter (fast) S = Serratia (slow) ```

Why do we not have a vaccine for neisseria gonnococcus?

antigenic variation of pillus

What is waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?

Adrenal hemorrhage due to overwhelming infection with neisseria Meningococci

Why do we still get otitis media and sinusitis infections with H. Influenzae even if we have a vaccine?

Non-typable strains cannot be vaccinated against but cause these illnesses.

What on X-ray can we see in epiglottitis?

thumb sign

What organism causes painful chancre on the gential?

Haemophillus ducreyi

What lab test can we use to detect legionella infection?

urine antigen test

What is Ecthyma gangrenosum and where do you see it?

Rapidly progressive, necrotic cutaneous lesion caused by Pseudomonas in immunocompromised patients

What is pseudomonas infection associated with?

CF Burn patients Hot tubs (folliculitis)

What kidney pathology can Proteus mirabilis / vulgaris cause?

Staghorn calculi due to alkalinization of urine.

Pasturella multocida symptoms and mode of transmission

Cellulitis / osteomyelitis Animal bite (cat or dog)

Rickettsia prowazeki symptoms and mode of transmission

Triad: headache, fever, rash (Epidemic typhus) Louse

Rickettsia Rickettsii symptoms and mode of transmission

Rocky mountain spotted fever - headache, fever, rash (palms and soles) Dermacentor (Dog tick)

Rickettsia Typhi symptoms and mode of transmission

Endemic Typhus (murine typhus) - headache, fever, rash Fleas

What test can you use to help diagnose gardnerella vaginallis

Amine whiff test - mix secretion with 10% KOH and it will enhance odor

What type of histology is present in a smear of gardnerella vaginallis?

Clue cells - epithelial cells covered in Gardnerella bacteria (Stippled appearance)

Anaplasma spp. symptoms and mode of transmission

Granulocytes with morulae in cytoplasm Ixodes tick

What are the risk factors for Q fever?

Coxiella Burnetii Spores inhaled as aerosole while giving birth to a farm animal or drinking unpasteurized milk. Presents as pneumonia with long lasting fever (weeks). Can cause culture negative endocarditis (most common cause of this type)

What is special about the Chalmydia cell wall?

Lacks peptidoglycan - reduced amount of muramic acid Cannot use B-lactams

Which serotypes of Chlamydia cause Trachoma?

Types A-C --> leading cause of blindness worldwide

What serotypes of Chlamydia cause STD? What are some manifestations?

Types D-K Urethritis / PID Ectopic pregnancy Neonatal pneumonia (staccato cough) with eosinophillia Neonatal conjunctivitis (must use macrolide PO)

What serotypes of Chlamydia cause Lymphogranuloma Venerum and what are the symptoms?

Types L1-L3 Painless ulcers on genitals that progresses to swollen painful lymph nodes that ulcerate (BUBOES)

What type of agar can Mycoplasma pneumoniae be grown on?

Eaton agar

What type of agar can Mycobacterium be grown on?

Lowenstein Jensen Agar

What is special about the mycoplasma cell wall and cell membrane

No cell wall cell membrane has sterols for stability

What is the mechanism of rifampin/rifabutin?

Inhibits RNA polymerase

Side effects of rifampin/rifabutin

Hepatotoxicity CYP450 inducer Makes body fluids orange/red

Mechanism of resistance for rifampin/rifabutin

Reduced drug binding to RNA polymerase

Mechanism of isoniazid

Decreases synthesis of mycolic acids Pro-drug --> must be converted to active metabolite by Bacterial Catalase peroxidase (KatG)

Toxicity of isoniazid

``` Hepatotoxicity Neurotoxicity (peripheral neuropathy) --> counter by co-administering vit B6 (pyridoxine) ```

Mechanism of resistance for isoniazid

Underexpression of KatG by bacteria

Pyrazinamide toxicities

Hepatotoxicity | Hyperuricemia

Ethambutol mech of action

Decreased carbohydrate polymerization of mycobacterium cell wall --> Blocks Arabinosyltransferase

Ethambutol toxicities

Optic neuropathy --> red-green color blindness

What virulence factor allows for E. Coli to cause newborn meningitis?

K1 capsular antigen - prevents phagocytosis and complement mediated lysis

Organisms that causes pulmonary Tb like symptoms in COPD patients

M. Kansasii

Organisms that causes cervical lymphadenitis in children

M. Scrofulaceum

Organisms that causes a disseminated disease in AIDS patients

M. Avium intracellulare

Organisms that causes hand infection in aquarium

M. Marinum

4 obligate aerobic bacteria

Nocardia Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Pseudomonas Bacillus