General Pathology Flashcards
Common tumors that metastasize to bone.
Permanently Relocated Tumors Love Bone. P = Prostate R = Renal cell carcinoma T = Thyroid / testicular cancer L = Lung B = Brain
What type of injury do tennis players get?
Lateral epicondylitis
What type of injuries do golf players get?
Medial epicondylitis
What structures are at risk for injury with anterior shoulder dislocation?
Axillary n. posterior circumflex artery Glenoid labrum (Bankart lesion) Supraspinatus tendon Anterior glenohumoral ligament Posterolateral humoral head (Hill Sachs lesion)
Which neurotransmitters are altered in anxiety?
NE increased
5-HT decreased
GABA decreased
Which neurotransmitters are altered in Depression?
NE decreased
Dopamine decreased
5-HT decreased
Which neurotransmitters are altered in Huntington’s?
Dopamine increased
ACh decreased
GABA decreased
Which neurotransmitters are altered in Alzheimers?
ACh decreased
Which neurotransmitters are altered in Parkinsons?
Dopamine decreased
ACh increased
Fabry disease
Enzyme deficient, substrate, inheritance pattern, symptoms.
Alpha-galactosidase A
Ceramide trihexoside
XLR
Peripheral neuropathy, angiokeratomas, cardiovascular disease, renal failure, tiny painless papule on abdomen and lower trunk.
Gaucher Disease
Enzyme deficient, substrate, inheritance pattern, symptoms.
Glucocerebrosidase
Glucocerebroside
AR
hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, osteoporosis, septic necrosis of femur, bone crises
Gaucher cells –> crumpled tissue paper
Niemann-Pick Disease
Enzyme deficient, substrate, inheritance pattern, symptoms.
Sphingomyelinase
Sphingomyelin
AR
Progressive neurodegeneration / hepatosplenomegaly / Cherry red spot on macula
Ataxia, dysarthria, dysphagia, worsening of int. function
Tay-Sachs disease
Enzyme deficient, substrate, inheritance pattern, symptoms.
Hexosaminidase
GM2 Ganglioside
AR
Progressive neurodegeneration / Cherry red spot on macula
Lysosomes with onion skin
NO HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY –> differentiate from Niemann-Pick
Krabbe Disease
Enzyme deficient, substrate, inheritance pattern, symptoms.
galactocerebrosidase
Galactocerebroside / psychosine
AR
peripheral neuropathy / optic atrophy, seizures / globoid cells
Metachromatic leukodystrophy
Enzyme deficient, substrate, inheritance pattern, symptoms.
Arylsulfatase A
Cerebroside sulfate
AR
Central and peripheral demyelination / ataxia, dementia
Hurler syndrome
Enzyme deficient, substrate, inheritance pattern, symptoms.
alpha-L-iduronidase
Heparan sulfate / dermatan sulfate
AR
Developmental delay / gargoylism / airway obstruction / corneal clouding / hepatosplenomegaly
Hunters syndrome
Enzyme deficient, substrate, inheritance pattern, symptoms.
Iduronate sulfatase
Heparan sulfate / dermatan sulfate
XLR
Mild hurlers syndrome / aggressive behavior / NO corneal clouding
What are the X-linked recessive disorders?
Oblivious Female Will Give Her Boys Her x-Linked Disorders
Ocular albinism / Ornithine Trascarbamoylase deficiency Fabrys Wiskott aldrich G6PD deficiency Hemophelia A and B Bruton Agammaglobulinemia Hunter syndrome Lesch nyhan Duchenne (and Becker) muscular dystrophy
Intranuclear inclusions seen in herpes simplex encephalitis
Cowdry Type A
Cytoplasmic inclusions pathognomonic of rabies
Negri Bodies
Neuronal inclusions characteristic of Parkinson disease
Lewy Bodies
Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies associated with aging
Lipofuschin granules
Dark cytoplasmic pigment in neurons of the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus, not seen in patients with Parkinson
Melanin
Eosinophilic, rod-like inclusions in hippocampus of Alzheimer patients
Hirano bodies
