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Mechanisms of Disease > Micro-organisms and Health (week 5) > Flashcards

Micro-organisms and Health (week 5) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the role of bacterial pili / fimbriaea

A

hair like structures that aid adhesion to host cells

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2
Q

what colour are gram positive bacteria and why?

A

purple - many layers of peptoglycen in cell wall: keeps purple stain in and drugs out

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3
Q

what colour are gram negative bacteria and why?

A

pink - few layers of peptoglycen, stain washes out

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4
Q

What type of bacteria is S. aureus?

A

Gram +ve coccus

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5
Q

What type of bacteria are Helicobacter and Campylobacter?

A

Spiral

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6
Q

What type of bacteria is E. Coli?

A

Gram negative bacillus

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7
Q

Name a gram negative coccus bacteria

A

Neisseria meningiditis

Neisseria gonorrhoea

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8
Q

What type of bacteria is C. diff?

A

Gram positive bacillus

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9
Q

Name a gram negative coccobacilli

A

Haemophilus
Bordetlla
Brucellla
Pasteurella

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10
Q

Describe how bacteria replicate by binary fission

A

cells divide to give 2 identical daughter cells, no exchange of genetic material

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11
Q

Describe how bacteria replicate by conjugation

A

Conjugation tube forms between 2 bacteria and plasmid DNA is passed from one to another. Does not create new bacteria but genetic material is exchanged

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12
Q

Describe how bacteria replicate by transformation

A

Plasmids picked up from environment surrounding bacteria

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13
Q

Describe how bacteria replicate by transduction

A

Transfer of genetic material via a viral vector

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14
Q

What is fungi cell wall made from?

A

Chitin

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15
Q

Name the 2 classes of disease causing fungi

A

Yeats

Filamentous moulds

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16
Q

What are helminths?

A

Parasitic worms

17
Q

How do parasites reproduce?

A

Asexually through fission

18
Q

What kind of nucleic acid does a virus contain?

A

DNA or RNA
Double or single stranded
Sense or antisense

19
Q

Briefly describe the stages of viral replication

A
  1. Attachment / penetration of host
  2. Release genome from protein coat
  3. Produce early viral proteins
  4. Genome replication in host nuclues
  5. Produce late viral proteins - structural / capsid
  6. Assembly of virion
  7. Virion release
20
Q

how do retroviruses replicate?

A

reverse transcriptase enzyme converts RNA to DNA, which is then integrated into host DNA
host replication system then used

21
Q

How do prions cause disease?

A

Aggregate and cause misfolding of native proteins

22
Q

Name some diseases caused by prions

A

Creutzfeld-Jakob
Bovine spongiform
Encephalopathy
Scrapie

23
Q

What is the definition of microbiota?

A

All organisms in a given community

24
Q

What is commensalism?

A

one organism benefits, the other derives neither benefit or harm

25
Q

What is the types of bacteria are the most common bacteria found on the skin?

A

coagulase-negative staphylococci

staph aureus

26
Q

What type of bacteria is found in the mouth flora?

A

viridians / oral staphylococci

27
Q

How does vaginal flora differ pre and post puberty?

A

After puberty, circulating oestrogen causes glycogen production, meaning C. albicans can colonise

28
Q

True or false: the majority of bacteria found in the large intestine are aerobes

A

False - they are anaerobes

29
Q

How does normal microbiota aid metabolism?

A

synthesises secondary metabolites / vitamins e.g. vit K, vit B12
ferment unused energy substrates

30
Q

How does normal microbiota help resist colonisation of other species?

A

environmental manipulation e.g. lowering pH

produce anti-bacterial agents e.g. colicins, bacteriocins, fatty acids, metabolic waste products

31
Q

Which bacteria normally cause superficial abscesses

A

S. Pyogenes

S. auereus

32
Q

What is the host response to endotoxins?

A

Severe sepsis / septic shock
Clinical features of infection
Activation of clotting cascade can lead to DIC

33
Q

What is meant by ‘incubation period’ and ‘period of inactivity’

A
  1. period between infection with organism and manifestation of clinical features
  2. period during which transmissible organisms may be transmitted to another person

Mechanisms of Disease (10 decks)

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