Abnormal Growth (week 8) Flashcards
What is meant by hypertrophy and what type of cells does it occur in?
Increase in size of cells, seen in permanent cell populations e.g. skeletal / cardiac muscle.
What is hyperplasia and which types of cell does it occur in?
Increase in number of cells by increased cellular division. Possible in labile and stable cell populations.
What is meant by atrophy?
Decrease in cell size and cell number. Can be physiological or pathological.
What is meant by metaplasia and what type of cells does it affect?
Transformation of one differentiated cell type to another. Can affect epithelium and mesenchymal cells.
Name the pathological metaplastic change that occur in each of these locations, and the stimuli that may stimulate the change:
1) pseudostratified ciliated bronchial epithelium
2) transitional epithelium of bladder
3) oesophageal squamous epithelium
1) pseudostratified ciliated bronchial epithelium –> squamous epithelium
stimulus = cigarette smoke
2) transitional epithelium of bladder –> squamous epithelium.
stimulus = bladder calculus, schistosomiasis, cathether
3) oesophageal squamous epithelium –> columnar epithelium
stimulus = acid reflux
What is dysplasia?
Earliest morphological manisfestation of multistage proccess of neoplasia. In-situ, non-invasive.
What is neoplasia?
New cell growth that is un-coordinated and uncontrolled, persisting after stimulus has stopped.
What is meant by differentiation of a tumour?
The extent to which the neoplasm resembles the normal cells, morphologically and functionally. The more poorly differentiated (less similar), the higher the risk of malignancy
What is an anaplastic tumour?
Tumour comprised of poorly differentiated cells - clear sign of malignancy.
What are the 3 pathways of metastatic spread?
Direct seeding: neoplasm penetrates a natural open field
Lymphatic spread: follows route of lymphatic drainage
Haematogenous spread: follows venous drainage, typical of sarcomas and carcinomas
What is stroma and what does it provide for neoplastic cells?
Connective tissue framework that neoplastic cells are embedded within. Provides them with mechanical support, intercellular signalling and nutrition.
What is a desmoplastic reaction?
Fibrous stroma formation due to induction of connective tissue fibroblast proliferation by growth factors from tumour cells.
Condition that results in methionine accumulation in blood
homocystinuria
Hyperplasia seen in this gland as a result of increased metallic demands of puberty and pregnancy
Thyroid
Condition the arises due to defect in harm synthesis
Porphyria
