Classification of Tumours (week 9) Flashcards
Suffix for benign epithelial tumour
-oma
If the tumour is in the surface epithelium, how is it further identified?
describe cell type, e.g. squamous cell
If the tumour is in glandular epithelium, how is it further identified?
describe glandular tissue, e.g. colonic adenoma
Suffix for malignant epithelial tumour
carcinoma
Malignant tumour dervied from secretory epithelium
adenocarcinoma
Suffix for benign mesenchymal tumour
-oma
Suffix for malignant mesenchymal tissue
sarcoma
Mesenchymal definition
Skeletal / connective tissue
Smooth muscle prefix
leiomyo
Skeletal muscle prefix
Rhabdomyo
Adipose tissue prefix
Lipo
blood vessel prefix
angio
bone prefix
osteo
cartilage prefix
chondro
fibrous prefix
fibro
Haematological Malignancies:
1) Leukaemia
2) Lymphoma
3) Myeloma
1) bone marrow
2) lymphocytes
3) plasma cells
Benign tumour of glandular epithelium of thyroid
Thyroid adenoma
Benign tumour of bone
Osteoma
Benign tumour of adipose tissue
Lipoma
Malignant tumour of basal cells of skin
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant tumour of Stratified squamous epithelium
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant tumour of fibrous tissue
Fibrosarcoma
Malignant tumour of smooth musle
Leiomyosarcoma
What is the difference between initiator and promoter carcinogens?
Initator is genotoxic, modifies / damages DNA
Promoter induces proliferation and DNA replication
Name some common genetic abnormalities that initiator carcinogens may cause.
Point mutations
Additiion / deletion causing frameshift mutation
Gene amplification to give up to 100 copies of a gene that normally only has 2
Translocation: genes moved to a more transcriptionally active region or being combined into new gene fusions
What is the Philadelphia translocation?
chr9:22 translocation associated with chronic myeloid leukaemia
What is an oncogene?
Gain of function caused by mutation which confers a tumour characteristic to a cell
How are tumour suppressor genes implicated in tumour generation?
Inactivated by mutation to allow uncontrolled cell growth
What is a proto-oncogene?
Non-mutated version that precedes an oncogene
What is a procarcinogen?
When metabollically activated by enzymes, becomes a carcinogen
List some defence mechanisms against carcinogens.
Antioxidants Detoxification mechanisms DNA repair enzymes Apoptosis of unrepaired genetic damage Immune response to abnormal cells
How does alcohol act as a carcinogen?
Converted into acetaldehyde which can cause DNA damage
Increases levels of oestrogen and testosterone
Increases uptake of carcinogenic chemicals
Reduces folate needed for DNA replication
Kills surface epithelium leading to unscheduled proliferation
