Classification of Tumours (week 9)

Question 1

Suffix for benign epithelial tumour

Answer 1

-oma

Question 2

If the tumour is in the surface epithelium, how is it further identified?

Answer 2

describe cell type, e.g. squamous cell

Question 3

If the tumour is in glandular epithelium, how is it further identified?

Answer 3

describe glandular tissue, e.g. colonic adenoma

Question 4

Suffix for malignant epithelial tumour

Answer 4

carcinoma

Question 5

Malignant tumour dervied from secretory epithelium

Answer 5

adenocarcinoma

Question 6

Suffix for benign mesenchymal tumour

Answer 6

-oma

Question 7

Suffix for malignant mesenchymal tissue

Answer 7

sarcoma

Question 8

Mesenchymal definition

Answer 8

Skeletal / connective tissue

Question 9

Smooth muscle prefix

Answer 9

leiomyo

Question 10

Skeletal muscle prefix

Answer 10

Rhabdomyo

Question 11

Adipose tissue prefix

Answer 11

Lipo

Question 12

blood vessel prefix

Answer 12

angio

Question 13

bone prefix

Answer 13

osteo

Question 14

cartilage prefix

Answer 14

chondro

Question 15

fibrous prefix

Answer 15

fibro

Question 16

Haematological Malignancies:

1) Leukaemia
2) Lymphoma
3) Myeloma

Answer 16

1) bone marrow
2) lymphocytes
3) plasma cells

Question 17

Benign tumour of glandular epithelium of thyroid

Answer 17

Thyroid adenoma

Question 18

Benign tumour of bone

Answer 18

Osteoma

Question 19

Benign tumour of adipose tissue

Answer 19

Lipoma

Question 20

Malignant tumour of basal cells of skin

Answer 20

Basal cell carcinoma

Question 21

Malignant tumour of Stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 21

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 22

Malignant tumour of fibrous tissue

Answer 22

Fibrosarcoma

Question 23

Malignant tumour of smooth musle

Answer 23

Leiomyosarcoma

Question 24

What is the difference between initiator and promoter carcinogens?

Answer 24

Initator is genotoxic, modifies / damages DNA

Promoter induces proliferation and DNA replication

Question 25

Name some common genetic abnormalities that initiator carcinogens may cause.

Answer 25

Point mutations Additiion / deletion causing frameshift mutation Gene amplification to give up to 100 copies of a gene that normally only has 2 Translocation: genes moved to a more transcriptionally active region or being combined into new gene fusions

Question 26

What is the Philadelphia translocation?

Answer 26

chr9:22 translocation associated with chronic myeloid leukaemia

Question 27

What is an oncogene?

Answer 27

Gain of function caused by mutation which confers a tumour characteristic to a cell

Question 28

How are tumour suppressor genes implicated in tumour generation?

Answer 28

Inactivated by mutation to allow uncontrolled cell growth

Question 29

What is a proto-oncogene?

Answer 29

Non-mutated version that precedes an oncogene

Question 30

What is a procarcinogen?

Answer 30

When metabollically activated by enzymes, becomes a carcinogen

Question 31

List some defence mechanisms against carcinogens.

Answer 31

``` Antioxidants Detoxification mechanisms DNA repair enzymes Apoptosis of unrepaired genetic damage Immune response to abnormal cells ```

Question 32

How does alcohol act as a carcinogen?

Answer 32

Converted into acetaldehyde which can cause DNA damage Increases levels of oestrogen and testosterone Increases uptake of carcinogenic chemicals Reduces folate needed for DNA replication Kills surface epithelium leading to unscheduled proliferation