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Histopath. (PATH2000) > Micro-organisms > Flashcards

Micro-organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What safety precautions should be taken into account when handling tiss. w/ mirco-o?

A
  • fixed w/ Neutral buffered formalin (except for prion misfolded protein- Mad cows disease- fixed w/ hot formic acid before NB formalin)
  • PPE: coat, gloves, glasses
  • Universal precautions
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2
Q

How are micro-o detected & identified?

A
  • detected by: special stains, testing, microscope, electron microscopy
  • Identified by: non-specific inflammation/ typical tissue rxn (e.g. neutrophil, leukocytes @ site); or ID appearance
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3
Q

List the cells of inflammation & their appearance

A
  • neutrophil (PMN): purple multi-nuclei w/ pink granules (1st)
  • Eosinophil: purple bi-lobed nuclei w/ red granules (2nd)
  • Basophil (mast cell): purple bi-lobed nuclei w/ lots of purple-blue granules
  • Macrophages: irregular border w/ purple kidney-shape nucleus
  • Lymphocytes (B & T): large purple nuclei w/ lil cytoplasm
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4
Q

What’re the histological features of chronic inflammation

A
  • Exudation: pus formation & destruction
  • Macrophage accumulation: remove debris & release attractants for T & B cells
  • Repair: proliferation of fibroblast, collagen, lymphocytes & plasma cells
    scarring
  • lymphocyte accumulation due to cell or humoral mediated response
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5
Q

List e.g. of pathogens

A
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Helminths
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6
Q

What’s the size range of virus, chlamydia, rickettsia?

A

Virus: 20-30nm
Chlamydia: 125-300nm
Rickettsia: 300-1200nm

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7
Q

What’s the size range of bacteria, protozoa, fungi?

A

Bacteria:1-14um
Protozoa: 1-50um
Fungi: 2-200um

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8
Q

What’s the size range of metzoans?

A

3-10mm

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9
Q

List important bacteria in lecture (6)

A
  • S. aureus
  • H. pylori
  • Bartonella henselae
  • Neisseria sp.
  • M. Tb, M. laprae, MAIC
  • Klebsiella
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10
Q

List important fungi in lecture (5)

A
  • Tricophytan
  • Aspergillus israelli
  • Candida albicans
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • Pneumocystis jurovecii (carinii)
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11
Q

List important protozoa in lecture (4)

A
  • Entamoeba histolytica, E. gingivalis
  • Giardia lambia
  • Trichomanas vaginalis
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12
Q

List important worm in lecture (3)

A
  • Enterobus vermicularis (pin worm)
  • Trichuris trichuria
  • Echinococcus granulosus
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13
Q

What’s the factors contributing to infection (& the reason)? (5)

A
  • Increase mobility (from tourism, immigration)
  • Immunodeficiency states (from HIV/AIDS)
  • Antibiotic resistant micro-o (from MRSA, VRSA, Tb)
  • Adaptive mutation (from SARs, H7N9)
  • Bioterrorism (small pox, botulism)
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14
Q

What are the reasons to identify infectious agents? (4)

A
  • Diagnosis
  • Identify failure in vaccination programmes
  • Epidemiological data
  • Adjust public health policy
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15
Q

What are the outcomes for acute inflammation?

A
  1. Resolution
  2. Tissue destruction & suppuration
  3. Healing w/ or w/out fibrosis
  4. Chronic inflammation
  5. Septicaemia/death
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16
Q

What’s fibrous pericarditis & which inflammatory cell is involved?

A

Deposits of fibrin in percardium (fibrous exudate). Neutrophil involved

17
Q

What’s suppurative inflammation & which inflammatory cell is involved?

A

A pocket/collection of pus due to bacteria. Neutrophil involved

18
Q

What factor influences the progression & duration of acute inflammation?

A
  • presence of foreign bodies
  • Hypersensitivity
  • lowered host resistance
  • delay in healing
19
Q

What factor influences the progression & duration of chronic inflammation?

A

Destruction & inflammation still occurring while site is trying to heal

20
Q

What macroscopic clues are there?

A
  • Pus,
  • Necrosis
  • Cavitation
  • Pseudomembranous exudate
21
Q

What microscopic clues are there?

A
  • Granuloma
  • Charcot-Leydin crystals
  • Cytopathic effect: structural changes in cell due to viral infection
22
Q

What’s the gold standard detection method?

A

culturing microbes

23
Q

What are some features you would expect to see in a tiss. w/ acute or chronic inflammation?

A
  • Acute: Neutrophils, pus, polymorphs.

- Chronic: Macrophages, lymphocytes, giant cells

Histopath. (PATH2000) (8 decks)

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