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Animal Nutrition > Micro Nutrients > Flashcards

Micro Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only known required function of cobalt (Co)?

A

As a constituent of Vitamin B12.

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2
Q

Which body parts contain the highest concentrations of cobalt (Co)?

A

Liver, kidney, adrenal glands, and bone.

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3
Q

What are the signs of cobalt (Co) deficiency?

A

Loss of appetite
Reduced growth
Emaciation
Normocytic normochromic anemia
Eventually death

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4
Q

Why is toxicity of cobalt (Co) considered very unlikely?

A

Due to its low absorption rate.
In experimental doses, causes anemia and appetite loss

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5
Q

Where is the highest concentration of iodine (I) found in the body?

A

In the thyroid gland.

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6
Q

What is the only known function of iodine (I)?

A

As a constituent of thyroxine and other thyroid active compounds.

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7
Q

How is iodine (I) excreted from the body?

A

80% of thyroid hormones entering the tissue are broken down by deiodination in the liver and kidney, with the liberated iodine recycled.
The remaining 20% is lost through excretion via bile, conjugation/oxidative deamination, excretion via the kidney, sweat, and feces.

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8
Q

What are the consequences of iodine (I) deficiency in young animals?

A

Cretinism, characterized by reduced basal metabolic rate.

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9
Q

What are the consequences of iodine (I) deficiency in adults?

A

Myxedema, characterized by reduced basal metabolic rate.

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

What are some reproductive abnormalities associated with iodine (I) deficiency?

A

Resorbed fetuses, abortions, stillbirths
Irregular/suppressed estrus
Decreased libido with deterioration of semen quality

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12
Q

What is the most common consequence of iodine (I) deficiency in populations living in inland areas of developing nations?

A

Goiter, which is the enlargement of the thyroid gland induced by an attempt of the gland to secrete more thyroxine.

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13
Q

Why is toxicity of iodine (I) rare?

A

Single massive oral doses can be lethal but are uncommon and categorized as poisonings.

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14
Q

How many micro mineral elements have been reported in the blood serum and kidney tissue?

A

25 micro mineral elements.

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15
Q

How many micro mineral elements are considered required in the diets of domestic animals?

A

12 micro mineral elements.

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16
Q

What is the general function of micro mineral elements?

A

They act as activators of enzyme systems or components of organic compounds.

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17
Q

What are some tissues/organs with high concentrations of Zinc (ZN)?

A

Liver, bone, kidney, muscle, pancreas, eye, prostate, skin.

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18
Q

How is Zinc (ZN) absorbed in the body?

A

Absorbed throughout the small intestine.
Transferred out of intestinal cells via a binding protein.
Absorption is regulated by intracellular compartmentalization and endogenous secretion of Zn by intestinal cells.
Absorption is adversely affected by high dietary Ca, with phytate further decreasing absorption.

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19
Q

What are some consequences of Zinc (ZN) deficiency?

A

Stunted growth, anorexia, reduction in plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity.
Drastic effects on male reproductive organ development.
Thickening/hyperkeratinization of the skin (parakeratosis in swine).
Slowed bone formation in growing animals.

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20
Q

What are some signs of Zinc (ZN) toxicity?

A

Most species have a high tolerance for overfeeding, but sheep, cattle, and goats may exhibit decreased appetite or pica, likely due to changes in rumen microflora.

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21
Q

What percentage of body iron is found in hemoglobin of red blood cells (RBC) and myoglobin in muscle?

A

60-80%.

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22
Q

Where is 20% of iron stored for hemoglobin formation?

A

In the liver and spleen

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23
Q

What are Iron Regulatory Proteins (IRP) central to?

A

They are central to Fe metabolism, regulating the synthesis of proteins required for cellular uptake, storage, and use of iron.

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24
Q

From where is Iron (Fe) absorbed in the body?

A

It is absorbed only from the duodenum and to the extent of 5-10%.

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25
Q

What is the most common sign of Iron (Fe) deficiency?

A

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia (smaller and lighter RBC).

26
Q

Why is iron deficiency more common in newborns?

A

Due to inefficient placental/mammary transfer, except for pigs who are susceptible to iron deficiency at birth.

27
Q

What are some causes of iatrogenic iron deficiency?

A

Injection (such as repeated blood transfusion in humans).
Long periods of excess oral supplements.

28
Q

What are some consequences of chronic iron toxicity?

A

Diarrhea, reduced growth rate/feed efficiency.
Sometimes produces signs of phosphorus deficiency.

29
Q

Where are the highest concentrations of Copper (CU) found in the body?

A

Liver, brain, kidney, heart, iris, hair/wool.

30
Q

What is Copper (CU) required for?

A

Activity of enzymes associated with iron metabolism.
Formation of collagen, elastin, and melanin production.
Integrity of the central nervous system (CNS).
Normal hematopoiesis, which allows for iron absorption.
Normal hair/wool pigmentation.

31
Q

How does Copper (CU) absorption occur in the body?

A

It occurs from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), varying widely on location. It travels through the bloodstream to tissues, where it is taken up by bone marrow for red blood cell (RBC) production, stored in the liver for release in times of need, and used in the synthesis of copper-containing enzymes/proteins. Bile is the major pathway of excretion.

32
Q

What are some consequences of Copper (CU) deficiency?

A

Anemia varying in description among species, including hypochromic microcytic in rat, rabbit, and pig, hypochromic macrocytic in cattle and sheep, and monochromic in chicks and dogs.
Lambs can develop “sway back disease” (enzootic neonatal ataxia) due to degeneration/failure in myelination of nerve cells in the brain/spinal cord.
Bone abnormalities in many species due to failure of mineralization of cartilage matrix.
Cardiovascular lesions/hemorrhages in chicken, pigs, and cattle.
Turkey poults can have aortic ruptures.

33
Q

What are some signs of Copper (CU) toxicity?

A

Sheep and calves are most sensitive, showing signs such as hemoglobinuria, jaundice, and tissue necrosis. Signs in other species range from slight growth depression and mild anemia to sudden death.

34
Q

What is unique about the accumulation of Manganese (MN) in the body?

A

It does not accumulate in the liver.

35
Q

Which part of the body is more responsive to dietary intake of Manganese (MN) in terms of bone content?

A

Bone content is more responsive than other tissues.

36
Q

What is Manganese (MN) essential for in terms of bone formation?

A

It is essential in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, which is involved in the bone matrix

37
Q

Why is Manganese (MN) necessary for newborns and birds?

A

It is necessary for the prevention of ataxia and poor equilibrium, as its absence can lead to irreversible malformed bones in the inner ear.

38
Q

What is one of the roles of Manganese (MN) in metabolism?

A

It is important in lipid metabolism.

39
Q

How does Manganese (MN) toxicity affect the utilization of other minerals?

A

It interferes with the utilization of other minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus, negatively affecting their utilization.

40
Q

What are some consequences of Manganese (MN) toxicity?

A

Rickets and other skeletal deformities can occur due to the negative effects on calcium and phosphorus utilization.

41
Q

Where are the highest concentrations of Selenium (SE) found in the body?

A

Liver, kidney, muscle.

42
Q

What is Selenium (SE) important for in terms of cell function?

A

It is important in maintaining cell membrane integrity.

43
Q

What role does Selenium (SE) play in pancreatic function?

A

It is required for normal pancreatic morphology and lipase production.

44
Q

What are some consequences of Selenium (SE) deficiency?

A

Nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) common in calves/lambs, linked to Se-deficient soil.
Stiff lamb disease/white muscle disease characterized by a stiff gait/arched back and postmortem white streaks in striated muscle.
Liver/heart muscle affected in pigs, leading to massive liver necrosis/sudden death.
Chicks fed Vitamin E/Se deficient diets develop exudative diathesis (ED), characterized by the accumulation of SQF on the breast.

45
Q

What are some reproductive consequences of Selenium (SE) deficiency?

A

Infertility in cattle, sheep, and birds.
Selenium deficiency responds favorably to Se feeding or injection.

46
Q

What are the consequences of adequate vitamin E but deficient Selenium (SE)?

A

It can lead to pancreatic degeneration/fibrosis.

47
Q

What additional risk is associated with Selenium (SE) deficiency in cattle?

A

An increase in the rate of placental retention, which could result in infection.

48
Q

What is the role of Chromium (Cr) in the body?

A

It influences the cellular action of insulin.

49
Q

What is the function of Fluorine (F) in the body?

A

It prevents tooth decay.

50
Q

How does Molybdenum (Mo) benefit growing animals?

A

It improves daily gain in growing animals. However, its toxicity is more of a concern than deficiency.

51
Q

What is Silicon (Si) important for?

A

It is important for the mineralization of bones. However, its toxicity is a greater concern than deficiency as it occurs naturally.

52
Q

What are some possible effects of Aluminum (Al) supplementation?

A

It can promote bone regeneration, stimulate enzyme systems, and is essential in rat fertility.

53
Q

What are the effects of Arsenic (As) supplementation?

A

It increases growth rate in chicks, decreases neonatal mortality in rats, and improves birth weights/decreases mortality in goats.

54
Q

What is the significance of Cadmium (Cd) in growth?

A

It is important in growth, although it is usually toxic.

55
Q

What are the consequences of Nickel (Ni) deficiency in chicks?

A

Deficiency results in decreased growth, anemia, and liver/reproductive abnormalities. Chicks usually have a dietary requirement for Nickel (Ni).

56
Q

Why is Tin (Sn) toxicity a greater concern than deficiency?

A

When experimented with rats, toxicity was found to be much more concerning than deficiency.

57
Q

What are the effects of Vanadium (V) deficiency and toxicity?

A

Deficiency impairs reproductive efficiency, while toxicity inhibits an array of enzymes.

58
Q
A
59
Q

What is the possible role of Barium (Ba) in growth?

A

It “may be” required for growth in some species.

60
Q

What is the potential importance of Bromine (Br) in growth?

A

What is the potential importance of Bromine (Br) in growth?

Animal Nutrition (8 decks)

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