Lecture 5

Question 1

Importance of knowledge of the GIT

Answer 1

Influential for food/nutrient utilization.

Question 2

Functions of Organs, Glands, & Specialized Structures of the GIT system

Answer 2

Procurement, chewing, & swallowing.
Digestion/absorption of nutrients.
Secretory/excretory functions.

Question 3

Ultimate Goals of GIT

Answer 3

Efficient assimilation of nutrients.
Rejection of harmful constituents.

Question 4

Digestion definition

Answer 4

Preparation of food for absorption.

Question 5

Mechanical forces of digestion

Answer 5

Mastication, swallowing, peristalsis.

Question 6

Chemical forces of digestion

Answer 6

Hydrochloric acid, microorganisms, bile.

Question 7

Mastication

Answer 7

Chewing, breaking down, coating with saliva.

Question 8

Peristalsis

Answer 8

Muscular contraction of intestines.

Question 9

Processes of absorption

Answer 9

Passage of small molecules from GIT to blood/lymph.

Question 10

Considerations if absorption

Answer 10

Variation in structure/function.
Symbiotic microorganisms.

Question 11

Carnivores - Non-ruminants

Answer 11

-Primarily non-plant material.
-Concentrated, highly digestible diet.

Question 12

Carnivores - GIT

Answer 12

Gastric stomach.
Short, uncomplicated intestine.
Hind gut fermenters.

Question 13

Examples of Carnivores

Answer 13

Dogs & cats

Question 14

Non-ruminants - Omnivores

Answer 14

Plant/animal protein diet.
Modified GIT for plant tissue utilization.

Question 15

Examples of Omnivores

Answer 15

Pigs & rats

Question 16

Herbivores diet:

Answer 16

Fibrous plant material.

Question 17

Examples of herbivores

Answer 17

Cows, horses

Question 18

Important differences of herbivores

Answer 18

All ruminants are herbivores, not vice versa.

Question 19

Mouth & Associated Structures of Non-ruminant species

Answer 19

Used for grasping/masticating food.
Saliva aids in digestion.

Question 20

Saliva

Answer 20

Breaks down starch.
Cleans mouth, fights microorganisms.

Question 21

Esophagus function

Answer 21

Transports bolus to GIT.

Question 22

Stomach (Non-Ruminant) shape/size

Answer 22

Varies by species.

Question 23

Stomach (Non-Ruminant) Non-glandular region

Answer 23

entry site for esophagus. No digestive secretion/absorption

Question 24

Stomach (Non-Ruminant) Glandular regions

Answer 24

Cardia: Mucus production.
Fundus: Rugae, gastric pits, various cells.
Pylorus

Question 25

Digestive Process

Answer 25

-Presence of food triggers HCL and enzyme secretion. -Mucin prevents self-digestion. -Forms chyme.

Question 26

Small intestines:

Answer 26

Primary Site for Enzymatic Digestion Villi for absorption.

Question 27

Sections of small intestines

Answer 27

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum.

Question 28

Duodenum

Answer 28

Neutralizes chyme (6.8-7) with bile salts. Pancreatic enzyme secretion. Protein, carb, and fat digestion

Question 29

Jejunum & Ileum

Answer 29

Primary sites for nutrient absorption.

Question 30

Large Intestine is the Primary Site for Microbial Digestion

Answer 30

Absorption of water and organic compounds. Elimination of undigestible components.

Question 31

Large Intestine Sections:

Answer 31

Cecum, Colon, Rectum.

Question 32

The avian species have no teeth

Answer 32

Beak/claws reduce food size. Swallowed feed goes to crop.

Question 33

The stomach is replaced by what in avian species?

Answer 33

Crop, Proventriculus, Gizzard.

Question 34

The crop:

Answer 34

Temporary storage. Great capacity for expansion.

Question 35

Proventriculus:

Answer 35

Gastric secretions produced.

Question 36

Gizzard

Answer 36

Muscular grinding.

Question 37

Small Intestines of avain's

Answer 37

Enzymes, acidic pH, water absorption.

Question 38

Cloaca

Answer 38

Single duct for urine & feces.