Lecture 2 Flashcards by Eden Mcglothlin

Adequate food supplies depend on:

Continuing advances in scientific knowledge
Success of agricultural research
Application of science and technology to production

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Challenges of having adequate food supplies

Rapidly growing human populations with finite dimensions and resources
Population growth occurring primarily in developing nations with high levels of food security
Animal products have been a part of human diets for centuries

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Consumption of animal products increases as economic status improves. What do you think occurs as family income rises?

Studies show that their consumption of animal’s decline

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Nutrient

Any chemical element or compound in the diet that is required for normal reproduction, lactation, growth or maintenance of life processes

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Food

An edible material that provides nutrients

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Feed (noun)

Also an edible material that provides nutrients
Most commonly used to designate animal food

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Foodstuff/feedstuff

Any material made into or used as food or feed

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Diet

A mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal

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Ration

A daily allocation of food or feed

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Nutrients required by Plants

Sunlight
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Water
Nitrogen
K (potash)
Potassium

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Plants have simple nutrient requirement. They take up Nitrogen (N) ans use it to synthesize __________

complex proteins by incorporating N inot amino acids/intermediate products

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Plants require a large number of inorganic elements. These primary nutrients are

required mineral elements and nitrogen

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Where does plants obtain their nutrients

from soil/roots
Nitrogen in the form of nitrate/ammonia. May also require aluminum, bromine, cesium, strontium

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How do plants utilize photosynthesis

Take in atmospheric CO2 and releases O2
This allows them to Synthesize glucose which is fundamental biochemical required for plant growth

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Animal nutrient requirements are much more complex. Depending on age/species they require :

Nitrogen (essential amino acids)
Fat (essential fatty acids)
Essential mineral elements
Fat-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
Energy

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Fat-soluble vitamins are

A, D, E, K

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Water-soluble vitamin is

Vitamin B

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Animals require energy. Where do they get this energy based on Carnivores and Herbivores

Carnivores: consuming fat/protein of other animal tissue
Herbivores: consuming fibrous plants

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Animals require ~40 nutrients. Meeting these requirements may be difficult depending on

availability of feedstuffs

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Amount/proportions of nutrients required are influenced by many factors:

Type of GIT
Age
Level/type of production (maintenance, growth, work, lactation, gestation)
Dietary constituents available

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Composition of animal feed can vary from simple compounds to complex mixtures of plant/animal products. Not all components provide usable nutrients. Some many be ________

insoluble and/or indigestible
toxic under some conditions

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What is a major constituent of many feedstuffs

Water

What are the ingredients remaining when we remove water called?

“dry matter”

Dry matter is composed of

organic compounds and inorganic elements

What are some of the organic compounds?

Contains nitrogen Includes: proteins (made up of amino acids and nitrogen containing compounds), Lipids (generally fat soluble) Carbohydrates (Generally water soluble) Vitamins

How often are Proteins included in animal feeds

found in nearly all animal feeds

Proteins are

Complex molecules containing various amino acids/nonprotein components. Both plant & animal derived proteins can vary in content, sequence & configuration. This results in differences in molecular size, solubility & digestibility.

Lipids are found

in animal & plant tissues

Lipids include

fatty acids linoleic/linolenic acids fat soluble vitamins

Carbs make up the major fraction of __________

most plant tissues. Make up <1% of animal tissues

Do animals require carbs?

Animal require no specific dietary carb with the exception of glucose which is required by all animals for energy

Simple vs complex carbs

simple: glucose, fructose, lactose complex: starches

Vitamins account for how much of feedstuffs?

account for only a tiny fraction of the weight of feedstuffs

Feed sources vary widely in content (specifically vitamins) due to:

Inherent differences in tissue concentrations degradation secondary to light, heat, & other environmental variables

Inorganic (mineral) elements of feed consists of

macroelements and microelements (trace minerals). Both required but in much lower amounts

Inorganic (mineral) elements can be found in plant tissues, but can be __________ under certain conditions. No known function/requirement in animals

toxic ANY mineral can be toxic when ingested in excessive amounts

The composition of plants are exceedingly diverse when looked at as a whole depending on:

stage of growth, species, and environmental factors (drought vs flood, nutrient rich vs poor soil, climate)

Most feedstuffs is evaluated and expressed in

percentage composition on a water-free (dry matter / air dried) basis

Protein content of alfalfa hay & pasture grass are _______________ compared to others

higher concentrations

Soybean meal is a concentrated source of

proteins

None of the plant materials contain

significant fat

Carbohydrate concentration is misrepresented because

Total carb includes readily digested carbs PLUS relatively unavailable fibrous components (crude fiber) and are not utilized by that specific animal

Legume forages are generally relatively high in

calcium Grasses, seeds of cereal grains, and corn are low Legume - alfalfa hay

Seeds of cereal grains, corn, & soybeans contain moderate levels of

phosphorus 30-50% or more of this phosphorus is phytate P (biologically unavailable to animals)

Animals contain a very low concentration of

carbohydrates

Animals contain higher concentrations of

fat

The chemical composition is more uniform across species when compared to

plants

The typical body composition of an adult animal is:

60% water 16% protein 20% fat 4% mineral matter <1 carbs (from blood glucose & glycogen from liver/muscle)

What is a reasonable variable of animal products more than species

Age & changing fat content

When fat is removed (from animal products), how does that affect the ratio of everything else

the proportion of water, protein, and ash (inorganic minerals) is remarkable constant

Mineral content (ash) of the whole body varies with age rather than species. Bone mineral content increase as _____________

animals age, as cartilage is replaced by bone Variation can be influenced by oral intake, age, sex, & genetics

Crop production/animal feeding is marked/continuous improvements have been achieved. What are some examples?

Hybrid crops (corn, soybean, and rice) are adaptable to diff environments & produce higher yield -> increases in production Genetically modified for disease/pest resistance have also improved nutrient content

World crop production has increased drastically. What are some concerns with this?

-That population growth may exceed world's capacity to produce food due to limited land, water, & energy -Rising demand for food must be met by continual developments, improvements, & was reduction