Lecture 2 Flashcards
Adequate food supplies depend on:
Continuing advances in scientific knowledge
Success of agricultural research
Application of science and technology to production
Challenges of having adequate food supplies
Rapidly growing human populations with finite dimensions and resources
Population growth occurring primarily in developing nations with high levels of food security
Animal products have been a part of human diets for centuries
Consumption of animal products increases as economic status improves. What do you think occurs as family income rises?
Studies show that their consumption of animal’s decline
Nutrient
Any chemical element or compound in the diet that is required for normal reproduction, lactation, growth or maintenance of life processes
Food
An edible material that provides nutrients
Feed (noun)
Also an edible material that provides nutrients
Most commonly used to designate animal food
Foodstuff/feedstuff
Any material made into or used as food or feed
Diet
A mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal
Ration
A daily allocation of food or feed
Nutrients required by Plants
Sunlight
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Water
Nitrogen
K (potash)
Potassium
Plants have simple nutrient requirement. They take up Nitrogen (N) ans use it to synthesize __________
complex proteins by incorporating N inot amino acids/intermediate products
Plants require a large number of inorganic elements. These primary nutrients are
required mineral elements and nitrogen
Where does plants obtain their nutrients
from soil/roots
Nitrogen in the form of nitrate/ammonia. May also require aluminum, bromine, cesium, strontium
How do plants utilize photosynthesis
Take in atmospheric CO2 and releases O2
This allows them to Synthesize glucose which is fundamental biochemical required for plant growth
Animal nutrient requirements are much more complex. Depending on age/species they require :
Nitrogen (essential amino acids)
Fat (essential fatty acids)
Essential mineral elements
Fat-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
Energy
Fat-soluble vitamins are
A, D, E, K
Water-soluble vitamin is
Vitamin B
Animals require energy. Where do they get this energy based on Carnivores and Herbivores
Carnivores: consuming fat/protein of other animal tissue
Herbivores: consuming fibrous plants
Animals require ~40 nutrients. Meeting these requirements may be difficult depending on
availability of feedstuffs
Amount/proportions of nutrients required are influenced by many factors:
Type of GIT
Age
Level/type of production (maintenance, growth, work, lactation, gestation)
Dietary constituents available
Composition of animal feed can vary from simple compounds to complex mixtures of plant/animal products. Not all components provide usable nutrients. Some many be ________
insoluble and/or indigestible
toxic under some conditions
What is a major constituent of many feedstuffs
Water
What are the ingredients remaining when we remove water called?
“dry matter”
Dry matter is composed of
organic compounds and inorganic elements
What are some of the organic compounds?
Contains nitrogen
Includes: proteins (made up of amino acids and nitrogen containing compounds),
Lipids (generally fat soluble)
Carbohydrates (Generally water soluble)
Vitamins
How often are Proteins included in animal feeds
found in nearly all animal feeds
Proteins are
Complex molecules containing various amino acids/nonprotein components.
Both plant & animal derived proteins can vary in content, sequence & configuration. This results in differences in molecular size, solubility & digestibility.
Lipids are found
in animal & plant tissues
Lipids include
fatty acids
linoleic/linolenic acids
fat soluble vitamins
Carbs make up the major fraction of __________
most plant tissues. Make up <1% of animal tissues
Do animals require carbs?
Animal require no specific dietary carb with the exception of glucose which is required by all animals for energy
Simple vs complex carbs
simple: glucose, fructose, lactose
complex: starches
Vitamins account for how much of feedstuffs?
account for only a tiny fraction of the weight of feedstuffs
Feed sources vary widely in content (specifically vitamins) due to:
Inherent differences in tissue concentrations
degradation secondary to light, heat, & other environmental variables
Inorganic (mineral) elements of feed consists of
macroelements and microelements (trace minerals). Both required but in much lower amounts
Inorganic (mineral) elements can be found in plant tissues, but can be __________ under certain conditions. No known function/requirement in animals
toxic
ANY mineral can be toxic when ingested in excessive amounts
The composition of plants are exceedingly diverse when looked at as a whole depending on:
stage of growth, species, and environmental factors (drought vs flood, nutrient rich vs poor soil, climate)
Most feedstuffs is evaluated and expressed in
percentage composition on a water-free (dry matter / air dried) basis
Protein content of alfalfa hay & pasture grass are _______________ compared to others
higher concentrations
Soybean meal is a concentrated source of
proteins
None of the plant materials contain
significant fat
Carbohydrate concentration is misrepresented because
Total carb includes readily digested carbs PLUS relatively unavailable fibrous components (crude fiber) and are not utilized by that specific animal
Legume forages are generally relatively high in
calcium
Grasses, seeds of cereal grains, and corn are low
Legume - alfalfa hay
Seeds of cereal grains, corn, & soybeans contain moderate levels of
phosphorus
30-50% or more of this phosphorus is phytate P (biologically unavailable to animals)
Animals contain a very low concentration of
carbohydrates
Animals contain higher concentrations of
fat
The chemical composition is more uniform across species when compared to
plants
The typical body composition of an adult animal is:
60% water
16% protein
20% fat
4% mineral matter
<1 carbs (from blood glucose & glycogen from liver/muscle)
What is a reasonable variable of animal products more than species
Age & changing fat content
When fat is removed (from animal products), how does that affect the ratio of everything else
the proportion of water, protein, and ash (inorganic minerals) is remarkable constant
Mineral content (ash) of the whole body varies with age rather than species. Bone mineral content increase as _____________
animals age, as cartilage is replaced by bone
Variation can be influenced by oral intake, age, sex, & genetics
Crop production/animal feeding is marked/continuous improvements have been achieved. What are some examples?
Hybrid crops (corn, soybean, and rice) are adaptable to diff environments & produce higher yield -> increases in production
Genetically modified for disease/pest resistance have also improved nutrient content
World crop production has increased drastically. What are some concerns with this?
-That population growth may exceed world’s capacity to produce food due to limited land, water, & energy
-Rising demand for food must be met by continual developments, improvements, & was reduction
