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Animal Nutrition > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Adequate food supplies depend on:

A

Continuing advances in scientific knowledge
Success of agricultural research
Application of science and technology to production

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2
Q

Challenges of having adequate food supplies

A

Rapidly growing human populations with finite dimensions and resources
Population growth occurring primarily in developing nations with high levels of food security
Animal products have been a part of human diets for centuries

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3
Q

Consumption of animal products increases as economic status improves. What do you think occurs as family income rises?

A

Studies show that their consumption of animal’s decline

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4
Q

Nutrient

A

Any chemical element or compound in the diet that is required for normal reproduction, lactation, growth or maintenance of life processes

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5
Q

Food

A

An edible material that provides nutrients

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6
Q

Feed (noun)

A

Also an edible material that provides nutrients
Most commonly used to designate animal food

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7
Q

Foodstuff/feedstuff

A

Any material made into or used as food or feed

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8
Q

Diet

A

A mixture of feedstuffs used to supply nutrients to an animal

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9
Q

Ration

A

A daily allocation of food or feed

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10
Q

Nutrients required by Plants

A

Sunlight
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Water
Nitrogen
K (potash)
Potassium

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11
Q

Plants have simple nutrient requirement. They take up Nitrogen (N) ans use it to synthesize __________

A

complex proteins by incorporating N inot amino acids/intermediate products

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12
Q

Plants require a large number of inorganic elements. These primary nutrients are

A

required mineral elements and nitrogen

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13
Q

Where does plants obtain their nutrients

A

from soil/roots
Nitrogen in the form of nitrate/ammonia. May also require aluminum, bromine, cesium, strontium

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14
Q

How do plants utilize photosynthesis

A

Take in atmospheric CO2 and releases O2
This allows them to Synthesize glucose which is fundamental biochemical required for plant growth

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15
Q

Animal nutrient requirements are much more complex. Depending on age/species they require :

A

Nitrogen (essential amino acids)
Fat (essential fatty acids)
Essential mineral elements
Fat-soluble vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
Energy

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16
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins are

A

A, D, E, K

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17
Q

Water-soluble vitamin is

A

Vitamin B

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18
Q

Animals require energy. Where do they get this energy based on Carnivores and Herbivores

A

Carnivores: consuming fat/protein of other animal tissue
Herbivores: consuming fibrous plants

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19
Q

Animals require ~40 nutrients. Meeting these requirements may be difficult depending on

A

availability of feedstuffs

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20
Q

Amount/proportions of nutrients required are influenced by many factors:

A

Type of GIT
Age
Level/type of production (maintenance, growth, work, lactation, gestation)
Dietary constituents available

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21
Q

Composition of animal feed can vary from simple compounds to complex mixtures of plant/animal products. Not all components provide usable nutrients. Some many be ________

A

insoluble and/or indigestible
toxic under some conditions

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22
Q

What is a major constituent of many feedstuffs

A

Water

23
Q

What are the ingredients remaining when we remove water called?

A

“dry matter”

24
Q

Dry matter is composed of

A

organic compounds and inorganic elements

25
Q

What are some of the organic compounds?

A

Contains nitrogen
Includes: proteins (made up of amino acids and nitrogen containing compounds),
Lipids (generally fat soluble)
Carbohydrates (Generally water soluble)
Vitamins

26
Q

How often are Proteins included in animal feeds

A

found in nearly all animal feeds

27
Q

Proteins are

A

Complex molecules containing various amino acids/nonprotein components.
Both plant & animal derived proteins can vary in content, sequence & configuration. This results in differences in molecular size, solubility & digestibility.

28
Q

Lipids are found

A

in animal & plant tissues

29
Q

Lipids include

A

fatty acids
linoleic/linolenic acids
fat soluble vitamins

30
Q

Carbs make up the major fraction of __________

A

most plant tissues. Make up <1% of animal tissues

31
Q

Do animals require carbs?

A

Animal require no specific dietary carb with the exception of glucose which is required by all animals for energy

32
Q

Simple vs complex carbs

A

simple: glucose, fructose, lactose
complex: starches

33
Q

Vitamins account for how much of feedstuffs?

A

account for only a tiny fraction of the weight of feedstuffs

34
Q

Feed sources vary widely in content (specifically vitamins) due to:

A

Inherent differences in tissue concentrations
degradation secondary to light, heat, & other environmental variables

35
Q

Inorganic (mineral) elements of feed consists of

A

macroelements and microelements (trace minerals). Both required but in much lower amounts

36
Q

Inorganic (mineral) elements can be found in plant tissues, but can be __________ under certain conditions. No known function/requirement in animals

A

toxic
ANY mineral can be toxic when ingested in excessive amounts

37
Q

The composition of plants are exceedingly diverse when looked at as a whole depending on:

A

stage of growth, species, and environmental factors (drought vs flood, nutrient rich vs poor soil, climate)

38
Q

Most feedstuffs is evaluated and expressed in

A

percentage composition on a water-free (dry matter / air dried) basis

39
Q

Protein content of alfalfa hay & pasture grass are _______________ compared to others

A

higher concentrations

40
Q

Soybean meal is a concentrated source of

A

proteins

41
Q

None of the plant materials contain

A

significant fat

42
Q

Carbohydrate concentration is misrepresented because

A

Total carb includes readily digested carbs PLUS relatively unavailable fibrous components (crude fiber) and are not utilized by that specific animal

43
Q

Legume forages are generally relatively high in

A

calcium
Grasses, seeds of cereal grains, and corn are low
Legume - alfalfa hay

44
Q

Seeds of cereal grains, corn, & soybeans contain moderate levels of

A

phosphorus
30-50% or more of this phosphorus is phytate P (biologically unavailable to animals)

45
Q

Animals contain a very low concentration of

A

carbohydrates

46
Q

Animals contain higher concentrations of

A

fat

47
Q

The chemical composition is more uniform across species when compared to

A

plants

48
Q

The typical body composition of an adult animal is:

A

60% water
16% protein
20% fat
4% mineral matter
<1 carbs (from blood glucose & glycogen from liver/muscle)

49
Q

What is a reasonable variable of animal products more than species

A

Age & changing fat content

50
Q

When fat is removed (from animal products), how does that affect the ratio of everything else

A

the proportion of water, protein, and ash (inorganic minerals) is remarkable constant

51
Q

Mineral content (ash) of the whole body varies with age rather than species. Bone mineral content increase as _____________

A

animals age, as cartilage is replaced by bone
Variation can be influenced by oral intake, age, sex, & genetics

52
Q

Crop production/animal feeding is marked/continuous improvements have been achieved. What are some examples?

A

Hybrid crops (corn, soybean, and rice) are adaptable to diff environments & produce higher yield -> increases in production
Genetically modified for disease/pest resistance have also improved nutrient content

53
Q

World crop production has increased drastically. What are some concerns with this?

A

-That population growth may exceed world’s capacity to produce food due to limited land, water, & energy
-Rising demand for food must be met by continual developments, improvements, & was reduction

53
Q
A

Animal Nutrition (8 decks)

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