Lecture 1

Question 1

why is nutrition important?

Answer 1

it directly affects the health, welfare, emotions, physical capabilities, and susceptibility to and recovery from disease of an organism

Question 2

definition of nutrition?

Answer 2

The interrelated steps by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth, tissue repair and replacement, or elaboration of products

Question 3

do plants require inorganic or organic molecules?

Answer 3

only inorganic molecule like nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, and solar energy

Question 4

what link does plants provide (essential between _________ & __________)

Answer 4

essential link between the soil and animal life

Question 5

what organic molecules does plants produce?

Answer 5

proteins, carbs, lipids, and vitamins (provide nutrients for animals)

Question 6

definition of nutrients

Answer 6

Any chemical element or compound in the diet that supports normal reproduction, growth, lactation or maintenance of life processes

Question 7

what are the six classification of nutrients?

Answer 7

water, protein/amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids (fats), Vitamins, and inorganic elements (minerals)

Question 8

nutrients support an animals cellular needs for:

Answer 8

water, fuel (ATP, energy), structural constituents (skin, muscle, bone, nerves, and fat), and metabolic regulation

Question 9

The body can synthesize many molecules required for function from other organic precursors. However, some nutrients can not by synthesized at all or in insufficient amounts to sustain life. These are called?

Answer 9

Essential nutrients (indispensable nutrients)

Question 10

Essential nutrients varies by species but include

Answer 10

Vitamins, Minerals, and certain amino acids

Question 11

what is an essential amino acid for cats? It is critical normal visions, digestion, heart muscle function, maintenance of normal gestation, and a healthy immune system.

Answer 11

Taurine

Question 12

Where is Taurine found and what can a deficiency in it lead to?

Answer 12

Taurine is found in animal protein. All AFCO certified commercial cat foods will supplement Taurine.
Deficiency leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.

Question 13

energy (which is required in the diets of all animals) can be provided by

Answer 13

Fat (lipids), Carbs, and the carbon skeleton of amino acids (after nitrogen is removed)

Question 14

Outgrowth of observations made by farmers and animal caregivers over centuries. Nutritional science has progressed rapidly thanks to :

Answer 14

Tissue cultures, cell cultures, bacteria, and laboratory animal. This has allowed scientists to study the effects on tissues (and others) instead on entire animals, which has saved money, ethics, and time.

Question 15

Nutrition (like other biological sciences) is less precise than physical sciences. Why?

Answer 15

Primarily because organisms are variable. Not all animals are alike, environments between animals are different. Even identical twins are different.

Question 16

Antoine Lavoiser (1743-1794) (French Chemist), was called _______________. And recognized the needs for _______

Answer 16

The Founder of the Science of Nutrition
Recognized the need for various nutrients (protein, fat, and carbs) and energy utilization. Research was emphasized on these

Question 17

More knowledge was accumulated in the 20th century, specifically in the knowledge of

Answer 17

vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, inorganic elements, energy metabolism, protein metabolism, and nutrient requirements and interrelationships

Question 18

Rapid advances in the 21st century was made thanks to advances in _________. All of which promise to enhance knowledge of the complex field of animal nutrient.

Answer 18

molecular nutrition, computer technology, and biotechnology

Question 19

Developments in nutrition have been facilitated greatly by:

Answer 19

Improved analytical techniques (mineral element nutrient and mass spectrometry to analyze specific nutrients and how they are metabolised and dietary requirements for all life stages)

Question 20

Developments in nutrition have been facilitated greatly by analytical techniques as well as increased knowledge of what areas?

Answer 20

chemistry/biochemistry, animal physiology, pathology, genetics, and genomics

Question 21

Nutritional Science is the quantitative aspects of nutrition. Which is what?

Answer 21

The ability to describe nutrient requirements
The ability to define deficiency
And accumulation and analysis of data

Question 22

Nutritional Science is accomplished by

Answer 22

scientists throughout the world primarily with research using domestic and lab animals

Question 23

Lab rats contributed to our knowledge of

Answer 23

vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and toxicants

Question 24

Domestic dogs (in research) played an important role in the discovery of

Answer 24

insulin, metabolism of carbs, and role of nicotinic acid in the prevention and cure of pellagra

Question 25

Guinea pigs was the animal model to demonstrate :

Answer 25

the cause and prevention of scurvy

Question 26

What do Nutritionists do?

Answer 26

Formulates diets/supplements, confirms palatability, & ensures adequate intake for the purpose desired

Question 27

What is a formulated diet?

Answer 27

diets that supply adequate and balanced levels of nutrients at reasonable cost for the desired level of animal performance

Question 28

Diet formulas may contain (non-nutrients)

Answer 28

growth promotants, medications, and other non-nutritive additives

Question 29

Formulated diets must have properties adequate for:

Answer 29

milling, mixing, handling, and storage

Question 30

Most nutritionists specialize in either

Answer 30

nonruminant (monogastric or simple stomach animals) or ruminants (multi compartment stomach animals)

Question 31

What are some examples of Non Ruminant (monogastric) animals?

Answer 31

poultry, swine, horses, dogs/cats, fish/other aquatic species, laboratory (rats, mice, guinea pigs and monkeys), and zoo (captive wild/semi-wild animals)

Question 32

Why are the nutrient needs of poultry been defined more precisely than other domestic species?

Answer 32

Because of vertical integration and large-scale commercial production. Results in more uniform environment, genetics for growth and finishing weights/less genetic diversity, age. This result sin growth under similar conditions and diets of similar composition regardless of geographic location.

Question 33

What are some examples of Ruminants (Multi-compartment) animals?

Answer 33

Dairy cattle, sheep, goats, deer, beef cattle (cow/calf and feedlot)

Question 34

Primary concerns involving nutrition for dairy cattle?

Answer 34

primary concerns in providing nutrient required for maximum milk production while maintaining metabolic balance of the cow.

Question 35

Primary concerns involving nutrition for cow/calf operations?

Answer 35

produce a live calf, grow that calf, and sale the calf for profit. Accomplished by steady & proper nutrition prior to gestation and after parturition while nursing the calf. Primary goal is balanced and steady body conditions of mother cow (dame) because healthy cows produce healthy calves

Question 36

Primary concerns involving nutrition for feedlot operations?

Answer 36

rapid growth so that young steer/heifer reaches max marketable weight in an allotted time

Question 37

One Health: the availability of proper nutrition for humans and animals are closely related. How does the human population’s access to nutrition affect animals in the culture?

Answer 37

If the human population is unable to secure proper nutrition, it is very unlikely that the animals within that culture are receiving proper nutrition

Question 38

Malnutriton refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition addresses 3 broad groups of conditions:

Answer 38

-undernutrition, which includes wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age)
-micronutrient-related malnutrition, which includes micronutrient deficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals) or micronutrient excess
-overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases.

Question 39

Though we don’t often associate obesity with malnutrition. Excess nutrients resulting in obesity is in fact a form of malnutrition. Morbidly obese pets/animals is also form of __________ as much as emaciated animals.

Answer 39

abuse

Question 40

In developing regions, what type of malnutrition is the top form?

Answer 40

Obesity.

Question 41

What does Diet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) include?

Answer 41

cardiovascular diseases (heart attacks, stroke, high blood pressure), certain cancers, and diabetes. Unhealthy diets and poor nutrition are among the top risk factors for these diseases globally.