Lecture 1 Flashcards
why is nutrition important?
it directly affects the health, welfare, emotions, physical capabilities, and susceptibility to and recovery from disease of an organism
definition of nutrition?
The interrelated steps by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth, tissue repair and replacement, or elaboration of products
do plants require inorganic or organic molecules?
only inorganic molecule like nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, and solar energy
what link does plants provide (essential between _________ & __________)
essential link between the soil and animal life
what organic molecules does plants produce?
proteins, carbs, lipids, and vitamins (provide nutrients for animals)
definition of nutrients
Any chemical element or compound in the diet that supports normal reproduction, growth, lactation or maintenance of life processes
what are the six classification of nutrients?
water, protein/amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids (fats), Vitamins, and inorganic elements (minerals)
nutrients support an animals cellular needs for:
water, fuel (ATP, energy), structural constituents (skin, muscle, bone, nerves, and fat), and metabolic regulation
The body can synthesize many molecules required for function from other organic precursors. However, some nutrients can not by synthesized at all or in insufficient amounts to sustain life. These are called?
Essential nutrients (indispensable nutrients)
Essential nutrients varies by species but include
Vitamins, Minerals, and certain amino acids
what is an essential amino acid for cats? It is critical normal visions, digestion, heart muscle function, maintenance of normal gestation, and a healthy immune system.
Taurine
Where is Taurine found and what can a deficiency in it lead to?
Taurine is found in animal protein. All AFCO certified commercial cat foods will supplement Taurine.
Deficiency leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
energy (which is required in the diets of all animals) can be provided by
Fat (lipids), Carbs, and the carbon skeleton of amino acids (after nitrogen is removed)
Outgrowth of observations made by farmers and animal caregivers over centuries. Nutritional science has progressed rapidly thanks to :
Tissue cultures, cell cultures, bacteria, and laboratory animal. This has allowed scientists to study the effects on tissues (and others) instead on entire animals, which has saved money, ethics, and time.
Nutrition (like other biological sciences) is less precise than physical sciences. Why?
Primarily because organisms are variable. Not all animals are alike, environments between animals are different. Even identical twins are different.
Antoine Lavoiser (1743-1794) (French Chemist), was called _______________. And recognized the needs for _______
The Founder of the Science of Nutrition
Recognized the need for various nutrients (protein, fat, and carbs) and energy utilization. Research was emphasized on these
More knowledge was accumulated in the 20th century, specifically in the knowledge of
vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids, inorganic elements, energy metabolism, protein metabolism, and nutrient requirements and interrelationships
Rapid advances in the 21st century was made thanks to advances in _________. All of which promise to enhance knowledge of the complex field of animal nutrient.
molecular nutrition, computer technology, and biotechnology
Developments in nutrition have been facilitated greatly by:
Improved analytical techniques (mineral element nutrient and mass spectrometry to analyze specific nutrients and how they are metabolised and dietary requirements for all life stages)
Developments in nutrition have been facilitated greatly by analytical techniques as well as increased knowledge of what areas?
chemistry/biochemistry, animal physiology, pathology, genetics, and genomics
Nutritional Science is the quantitative aspects of nutrition. Which is what?
The ability to describe nutrient requirements
The ability to define deficiency
And accumulation and analysis of data
Nutritional Science is accomplished by
scientists throughout the world primarily with research using domestic and lab animals
Lab rats contributed to our knowledge of
vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and toxicants
Domestic dogs (in research) played an important role in the discovery of
insulin, metabolism of carbs, and role of nicotinic acid in the prevention and cure of pellagra
Guinea pigs was the animal model to demonstrate :
the cause and prevention of scurvy
What do Nutritionists do?
Formulates diets/supplements, confirms palatability, & ensures adequate intake for the purpose desired
What is a formulated diet?
diets that supply adequate and balanced levels of nutrients at reasonable cost for the desired level of animal performance
Diet formulas may contain (non-nutrients)
growth promotants, medications, and other non-nutritive additives
Formulated diets must have properties adequate for:
milling, mixing, handling, and storage
Most nutritionists specialize in either
nonruminant (monogastric or simple stomach animals) or ruminants (multi compartment stomach animals)
What are some examples of Non Ruminant (monogastric) animals?
poultry, swine, horses, dogs/cats, fish/other aquatic species, laboratory (rats, mice, guinea pigs and monkeys), and zoo (captive wild/semi-wild animals)
Why are the nutrient needs of poultry been defined more precisely than other domestic species?
Because of vertical integration and large-scale commercial production. Results in more uniform environment, genetics for growth and finishing weights/less genetic diversity, age. This result sin growth under similar conditions and diets of similar composition regardless of geographic location.
What are some examples of Ruminants (Multi-compartment) animals?
Dairy cattle, sheep, goats, deer, beef cattle (cow/calf and feedlot)
Primary concerns involving nutrition for dairy cattle?
primary concerns in providing nutrient required for maximum milk production while maintaining metabolic balance of the cow.
Primary concerns involving nutrition for cow/calf operations?
produce a live calf, grow that calf, and sale the calf for profit. Accomplished by steady & proper nutrition prior to gestation and after parturition while nursing the calf. Primary goal is balanced and steady body conditions of mother cow (dame) because healthy cows produce healthy calves
Primary concerns involving nutrition for feedlot operations?
rapid growth so that young steer/heifer reaches max marketable weight in an allotted time
One Health: the availability of proper nutrition for humans and animals are closely related. How does the human population’s access to nutrition affect animals in the culture?
If the human population is unable to secure proper nutrition, it is very unlikely that the animals within that culture are receiving proper nutrition
Malnutriton refers to deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition addresses 3 broad groups of conditions:
-undernutrition, which includes wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age)
-micronutrient-related malnutrition, which includes micronutrient deficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals) or micronutrient excess
-overweight, obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases.
Though we don’t often associate obesity with malnutrition. Excess nutrients resulting in obesity is in fact a form of malnutrition. Morbidly obese pets/animals is also form of __________ as much as emaciated animals.
abuse
In developing regions, what type of malnutrition is the top form?
Obesity.
What does Diet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) include?
cardiovascular diseases (heart attacks, stroke, high blood pressure), certain cancers, and diabetes. Unhealthy diets and poor nutrition are among the top risk factors for these diseases globally.
