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Pulmonary > Micro-Intr to Pulm Pathogens > Flashcards

Micro-Intr to Pulm Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

What causes 50% or more of ear infections?

A

Viruses, frequently RSV

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2
Q

WHat are the most common Bacterial causes of ear infections?

A
  1. S. Pneumoniae

2. Haemophilus influenzae

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3
Q

What are the most common causes of more than 50% of common colds?

A

Viruses specifically rhinovirus and coronaviruses.

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4
Q

What are some of the other causes of common colds (Rhinitis) besides rhinovirus and coronaviruses?

A

Adenovirus, Parainfluenza virus, influenza virus and RSV

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5
Q

WHat is the most common cause of Pharygitis (sore throat)?

A

Viruses mostly Adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, paraflu, and flu viruses.

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6
Q

What are the major bacterial agents causing pharyngitis?

A

Group A Streptococcus

Nisseria Gonorrhoeae

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7
Q

What other bacteria besides the Group A Strptococcus and N Gonnorrhoeae is known to cause severe Pharyngitis (sore throat).

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Pharyngitis caused by C Diphtheriae?

A
  1. Severe Sore Throat

2. Pseudomembrane composed of necrotic tissue, immune cells, and bacteria

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9
Q

How can Diphtheria be life threatening?

A

By causing respiratory obstruction; Obstructive Laryngotracheitis which is extension of the mambrane into the Larynx and trachea.

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10
Q

What are some of the secondary conditions associated with Diphtheria?

A
  1. Myocarditis
  2. Peripheral nerve palsies
  3. CNS effects
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11
Q

What is the treatment for C. Diphtheria?

A
  1. Diphtheria equine antitoxin
  2. Removal of membrane by direct Laryngoscope or Bronchoscopy
  3. Antibiotic therapy Penicillin, Azithromycin
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12
Q

What organisms are responsible for Laryngitis and its more severe form Croup?

A

Viruses

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13
Q

What characterizes Bronchitis?

A
  1. Mild Fever
  2. Productive cough
  3. Fatigue
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14
Q

What organisms are most responsible for Bronchitis?

A

Viruses

  • RSV
  • Adenovirus
  • Paraflu
  • Flu
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15
Q

Besides viruses What are some bacteria known for causing Bronchitis?

A
  1. H. influenzae
  2. Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
  3. Chlamydia pneumoniae
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16
Q

What test is required for suspected B. Pertussis and Viral infections in cases of Bronchitis?

A

Throat cultures

17
Q

In suspected Bacterial cases of Bronchitis caused by C. pneumoniae and M. Pneumoniae what test are required for diagnosis?

A

Serology

18
Q

WHat are the characteristic signs of Pneumonia?

A
  1. Chills
  2. High Fever
  3. Productive cough
  4. Chest Pain
  5. Sweating
19
Q

What is the most common cause of Pneumonia in children and elderly?

A

Viral infections

20
Q

Which cause of Pneumonia can produce particularly life threatening acute episodes in healthy young adults?

A

Influenza infection precipitated Pneumonia

21
Q

What is a complication of influenza infection Pneumonia?

A

Can make patients prone to subsequent bacterial acute Pneumonia

22
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial acute Pneumonia?

A

S. Pneumonia

23
Q

WHat are two prominent causes of Fungal Pneumonia?

A

Candida and Aspergillis

24
Q

What type of pneumonia is rarely caused by viruses?

A

Chronic Pneumonia

25
Q

What are the most prominent causes of Chronic Pneumonia?

A
  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Fungal pathogens
    - Histoplasma capsulatum
    - Blastomyces dermatitidis
    - Coccidioides immitis
26
Q

Which sputum culture findings are immune from suspicion of contamination in pneumonia diagnosis?

A
  1. Flu

2. TB

27
Q

What can be done to confirm the findings from sputum culture in acute Pneumonia?

A

Blood culture

28
Q

Which form of Tuberculosis leads to chronic Pneumonia characterized by fever, malaise, night sweats, weight loss, and bloody sputum?

A

Reactivated Tuberculosis

Primary tuberculosis is often asymptomatic

29
Q

What Demographic is most likely to have reactivated TB?

A

Males over 50.

30
Q

What are some of the things that can lead to reactivation of Tuberculosis?

A

Immunosuppresion brought on by

  • Alcoholism
  • Malnutrition
  • Diabetes
  • Old Age
31
Q

What is the end result of untreated Tuberculosis?

A

Dissemination and ultimately fatal meningitis

32
Q

What doesn’t Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gram Stain (it is a rod)

A

It is surrounded by a hydrophobic lipid surface containing mycolic acids

33
Q

How is Mycobacterium Tuberculosis visualized?

A

Acid-Fast staining (difficult because of low bacterial numbers) Cultures take 3 weeks to grow.

34
Q

What feature of Influenza is responsible for its relatively high rate of mutation?

A

The negative-strand RNA, segmented genomes

35
Q

What two principle surface proteins are altered in antigenic variation by Influenza?

A
  1. Hemagglutinin

2. Neuraminidase

36
Q

What feature of Influenza can lead to flu pandemics?

A

The segmented genome undergoing reassortment

37
Q

What Flu drug has been rendered virtually useless through resistance?

A

Amantadine

38
Q

What fungal treat must be used in disseminated infections and any opportunistic infection?

A

Amphotericin B

Pulmonary (7 decks)

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