Micro-Immuno Anderson Flashcards
1
Q
acid tolerant organisms of the stomach
A
lactobacilli, streptococci, H. Pylori
2
Q
what kind of bacteria are in small intestine?
A
anaerobic bacteria…some parasites and fungi…campylobacter, salmonella
3
Q
large intestine bacteria
A
all the ___bacters, peptostreptococci, bacteroides fragilis
4
Q
post antibiotic what organisms can overgrow in the large intestine
A
C. Diff, fungal infections
5
Q
GU infection bacteria
A
lactobacilli (more in women), corynebacteria, staph, strep (vagina)
6
Q
what sort of bacteria most commonly infects the nose?
A
anaerobes most common, but could be aerobes
7
Q
conjunctival infection is probably
A
staph
8
Q
what bacteria are very likely to have exotoxins
A
gram +
9
Q
what bacteria have endotoxins
A
gram -
10
Q
what gram + bacteria has an endotoxin
A
listeria monocytogenes
11
Q
what cells kill viral infections
A
NK and cytotoxic T cells
12
Q
what Ig lines neutralize viral particles in blood
A
IgM/IgG
13
Q
what cells kill bacteria
A
neutrophils
14
Q
is complement binding for viruses or bacteria
A
bacteria
15
Q
what kind of cell kills tumors
A
T cells
16
Q
is endotoxin denatured by boiling
A
no
17
Q
do endotoxins form toxoids
A
no, exotoxins do
18
Q
what has a higher potency, endotoxin or exotoxin
A
exotoxin
19
Q
what has a higher specificity, endotoxin or exotoxin
A
exotoxin
20
Q
what tends to be more pyrogenic, endo or exotoxin
A
endotoxin
21
Q
the shivering response is orchestrated by the
A
posterior hypothalamus
22
Q
what area of the brain compares the detected core temperature to the set-point temperature
A
anterior hypothalamus
23
Q
pyrogens increase the production of what interleukin
A
IL-1 in phagocytic cells
24
Q
where does IL-1 act on
A
anterior hypothalamus
25
what does IL-1 increase the production of?
prostaglandins, which increase the set-point temperature
26
heat exhaustion
caused by excessive sweating, blood volume and arterial BP decrease and syncope occurs
27
heat stroke
occurs when body temperature increases to the point of tissue damage, normal response to increased ambient temperature (sweating) is impaired and core temperature increases further
28
hypothermia
when ambient temperature is so low that heat-generating mechanisms cannot adequately maintain core temperature near set point
29
malignant hyperthermia
caused in susceptible individuals by inhalation anesthetics, characterized by a massive increase in oxygen consumption and heat production by skeletal muscle which causes a rapid rise in body temperature
30
what do NK cells do
cytotoxic, create a hole in antigen cell/create an osmotic cascade to kill it...
31
where are NK cells from and what are they stimulated by
from common lymphoid stem cell in marrow, stimulated by complement cascade
32
where do T cells come from
thymus
33
what site forms the basis for cell mediated immunity
thymus
34
what does the spleen do
detains and inactivates/kills antigens
35
what is GALT
gut associated lymphoid tissue, enteroendocrine cells, IgA, local gut immunity, Peyer's patch--encapsulated lymphoid tissue in ileal submucosa where they can detect large antigens that accidentally diffused across the intestinal epithelium
36
specific immune response
antigen triggers an immune response, Antigen Presenting Cells present Ag to T cells, T cells attack antigen and stimulate B cells, B cells produce antibody and antibody attacks antigen
37
first responder to bacterial infection
neutrophils
38
monocytes are in the
blood
39
macrophages are in the
tissues
40
basophils
activated during compliment, release Ig's and Heparin
41
eosinophils
increased in allergy/parasite/IBD
42
basis for humoral immunity is
B cells
43
compliment
activation of endogenous proteins in case of immunologic need. mainly precursors to enzymes
44
two pathways for compliment
classical and alternate
45
classical compliment pathway
activated by antigen-antibody reaction
46
alternate compliment pathway
goes around the Ag/Ab reaction and activates the compliment cascase in the middle (at the C-3 locus) without the Ag/Ab reaction...less effective than classical pathway
47
whats an interferon
any of a group of proteins produced by cells in the body in response to an attack by a virus
48
what releases interferons
a cell infected by a virus releases minute amounts of interferons which attach themselves to neighboring cells, prompting them to start producing their own protective antiviral enzymes
49
what makes interferon alpha and what does it do
leukocytes, inhibits cell (tumor) proliferation and enhances NK growth
50
what makes interferon beta
fibroblasts
51
what makes interferon gamma and what do they do
T cells, activates NK and killer T cells, activates macrophages, one of the most effective mediators of phagocytic activity in macrophages
52
what does TNF trigger
apoptosis, interacts with tumor cells to trigger cytolysis or cell death
53
TNF beta is induced by
IL-10
54
IL-1
secreted by macrophages and monocytes, for fever and T cell proliferation
55
IL-3
promotes celular immunity, secreted by CD-4 cells
56
IL-4
promotes humoral immunity, secreted by CD-4
57
IL-5
promotes humoral immunity, secreted by CD4
58
IL-10
promotes humoral immunity, secreted by T cells
59
IL-11
fibroblast secretion
60
MHC-1
presents viral antigen to CD8 T lymphocytes, play a major role in killing virally infected cells and cancer cells
61
MHC-2
docking protein on macrophage which hooks a CD-4 T helping cell to the macrophage
62
haptens
incomplete antigen, unable to stimulate immune response on its own, will react with other proteins therefore making them antigenic, many haptens have highly reactive moieties that create their completion
63
secondary immune response is also known as
memory response
64
IgA
secretory, found in tears/saliva/mucus, prevents bacteria/viruses/toxins from attaching to mucosal linings
65
IgE
allergy, Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity (allergy) reactions, parasite infection
66
IgM
first responder, elevated in acute infection, basis for ABO blood type antigen/transfusion reaction
67
IgG
long term, most common type, focuses NK cells to their targets, used in passive immunization (gamma-globulin injection)
68
Type 1 hypersensitivity
IgE mediated, anaphylaxis
69
Type 2 hypersensitivty
antibody mediated (ie goodpastures)
70
Type 3 hypersensitivity
immune complex mediated, Ag/Ab complexes activate compliment
71
Type 4 hypersensitivity
cell mediated (T cell), delayed and cytotoxic types (ie TB skin test)
72
all autoimmunity of humoral original is what type(s) hypersensitivity
1, 2, 3...cell mediated is type 4
73
DiGeorge's Syndrome
thymic hypoplasia, selective T cell deficiency from secondary to agenesis of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches, Total absence of cell-mediated immunity
74
Scleroderma/Systemic Sclerosis
excessive collagen/fibrosis in the microvasculature throughout the body (skin, GI, kidneys, heart, lungs), unknown antigens causing autoimmune response
75
sjogrens
dry eyes and mouth resulting from immunologically mediated destruction of the lacrimal and salivary glands
76
lupus
acute or insidious onset of chronic remitting and relapsing often febrile illness, autoimmune injury to skin/joints/kidney/serosal membranes, TYPE 3 hypersensitivity immune complexes and TYPE 2 auto-antibodies, cause unknown, genetic predisposition
77
dermatomyositis
inflammatory myopathy with skin involvement
78
polymyositis
inflammatory myopathy without skin involvement
79
HIV
loss of CD4 T cells and impairment of surviving ones, infection of monocytes and macrophages
80
beta hemolytic means
complete hemolysis
81
alpha hemolytic means
partial hemolysis
82
staph aureus
beta hemolytic on blood agar, coagulase positive (problem for humans), impetigo, toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome...also causes food poisoning of 4 hours after ingestions and lasting 24 hours
83
staph epidermidis
coagulase negative (harder to be a problem for humans), surgical and other wound infections, subacute endocarditis
84
staph saprophyticus
least common, coagulase negative, UTI
85
strep pyogenes (group A)
pharygitis, impetigo (staph more though), scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, TSS, rheumatic fever
86
strep agalactiae (group B)
post partum infection in the infant, neonatal sepsis and meningitis
87
strep pneumoniae
pneumonia, sinusitis, meningitis, otitis media, bacteremia
88
strep viridans
endocarditis, bacteremia, common found in dental caries
89
name 2 gram + cocci
staph and strep
90
name a gram negative diplococci
neiserria
91
n. gonorrhea
second most common STD in the US, urethritis/cervicitis
92
n. meningitidis
meningitis: highest infection rate
93
name 2 spore forming gram positive
clostridium, bacillus
94
clostridium botulinum
honey in infants, causes botulism, neurotoxin that blocks cholinergic nerves, blocks release of ACh, adults have descending paralysis and will require ventilation
95
clostridium perfringens
GAS gangrene
96
clostridium tetani
tetanus, neurotoxin blocks inhibitory neurotransmission, inhibits glycine and GABA
97
clostridium difficile
post anti biotic diarrhea = pseudomembranous colitis
98
bacillus anthracis
anthrax
99
bacillus cereus
GI and eye infections, food poisoning in baked goods, most common cause of traumatic eye infection, very destructive
100
name 2 gram positive non spore formers
corynebacterium, listeria
101
corynebacterium diptheriae
common on skin and in respiratory secretions, diptheria now rare. most common in young and old because they have poor immune systems, viral URI developes and a pharyngeal pseudomembrane with gray coating is formed which can cause severe hemorrhage
102
listeria monocytogenes
found everywhere, targets pregnant women, neonates, elderly, immunocompromised patients, neonatal disease is highly fatal and call granulomotosis infatiseptica, replicates in macrophages with the help of listeriolysin O and thus avoids antibodies and other bactericidal agents, likes to go to the heart and brain
103
gram negative rods
so many...E coli, salmonella, shigella, klebsiella pneumoniae, enterobacter aerogenes, citrobacter freundii, yersinia, proteus, pseudomonos aeruginosa, legionella pneumophilia
104
what does e coli do that is special
ferments lactose, salmonella and shigella dont
105
escherichia coli
most common cause of UTI, septicemia, gastroenteritis, neonatal meningitis (group B strep #1)
106
enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative E coli
SI disease, travelers diarrhea
107
enteropathogenic E coli
small intestine, infantile non-bloody diarrhea
108
enteroinvasive E coli
LI epithelial invasion, watery diarrhea followed by dysentery with scant blood stools
109
enterohemorrhagic E coli
hemorrhagic colitis, diarrhea is copious and watery followed by grossly bloody phase, associated with HUS
