Micro Flashcards
1
Q
Picorna virus overview
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- transmission
- types
A
- RNA
- Positive sense: structure like mRNA and can be directly translated into products; also will be made into 1 long polypeptide and then cleaved by proteases
- naked
- Fecal-oral, except rhino is resp
- hep A, polio, coxsackie, rhino virus
2
Q
Enteroviruses
- considered
- biggest feature
- include
A
- picorna virus
- cause aseptic meningitis
- polio, coxsackie and echovirus
3
Q
Polio Virus
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- acid
- replication
- where does it stay
- what are the sxs
- vaccine
A
- RNA
- sense
- picorna virus
- naked
- acid stable
- replication occurs in gut
- travel to anterior horn of motor neuron
- causes asymmetric paralysis, and weakness can lead to resp failure
- causes meningitis
- killed vaccine (salk) and live vaccine (sabin)
4
Q
Coxsackie
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- A: what condition does it cause, when does it occur
- B: what conditions does it cause
A
- RNA
- Positive sense
- naked
- hand foot and mouth and aseptic meningitis, summer
- dilated cardiomyopathy and the devils grip (sever unilateral pleuritic pain)
5
Q
Rhinovirus
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- acid
- spread
- prevention
- how does it invade
- dx that it causes
- why is there not vaccine
A
- RNA
- Positive sense, 33 degrees
- naked
- labile
- resp drops
- washing hands
- ICAM 1
- URI
- bc there are over 100 serotypes
6
Q
Hep A
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- acid
- spread
- sxs
- duration
- tx
- vaccine
A
- RNA
- Positive sense
- naked
- stable
- fecal oral, contaminated water, infected sea food, travelers visiting endemic countries
- nausea. vommiting, jaundice not wanting to smoke
- one month, not chronic
- self limited
- killed
7
Q
Noro virus
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- where is it common
- sxs
A
- RNA
- Positive sense, all proteins are transcribed into one protein and then split with endonuclease
- naked
- on cruise ships, daycare, school, contaminated shell fish
- explosive diarrhea
8
Q
Flaviviridae
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- what viruses does this include
A
- RNA
- Positive sense
- enveloped
- dengue, yellow, hep C, west nile
9
Q
Dengue Virus
- vector
- type II alt name
- syndrome
- progresses to
A
- mosquito -> Aedes
- breakbone fever
- dengue hemorrhagic fever -> thrombocytopenia, sponateous bleeding
- AKI
10
Q
Yellow Fever
- vector
- sxs
- vaccine
A
- aedes mosquito
- severe back ache, GI and mucousal membrane bleeding
- only for those traveling to south america and africa
11
Q
West nile
- reservoir
- vector
- sxs
A
- birds
- mosquitoes -> culex
- encephalitis, meningitis, seizures, coma, flaccid paralysis
12
Q
Hep C
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- transmission
- vaccine
- chronicity
- sequelae
- labs
- tx
A
- RNA
- Positive sense
- enveloped
- blood -> tattoo, needles
- none because there are too many serotypes -> cannot proof read
- 60-40% have chronic infection
- cirrhosis, hapto carcinoma, cold agglutination of IgM antibodies
- high ALT during acute phase that falls after 6 months
- ribavirin, interferon alpha
13
Q
Toga viruses
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- arbo virus: 3 types, vector, sxs it causes
- rubella: sxs in children/ neonates/ adults. spread, tx, buzz word
A
- RNA
- sense, all proteins are transcribed into one protein and then split with protease
- enveloped
- easter, western, and venezuelean equine; mosquitoes; encephalitis
- children: tender post aur and occipital lymph adeno w/ maculopapular rash that spreads downward from face, neonates: metal retardation, patents PDA/ cataracts/ sensorineural deafness, blueberry muffin rash, adult: arthralgia/arthritis and lymphadenopathy; resp droplets; live vaccine; immigrant
14
Q
Corona Virus
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- causes
- SARS: what is it, labs, tx
A
- RNA
- Positive sense
- encapsulated and helical
- common cold
- acute bronchitis that leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome -> antibodies w/i 28 days, steroid/ribavirin/ broad spectrum antibiotics
15
Q
HIV
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- epi
- special genes
- what cells is it in
- acute sxs
- phases
- what is AIDS
- testing
- TX
- maraviroc
A
- RNA
- Positive sense, diploid
- enveloped
- causes immunodeficiency, so in immunodeficient pts
- gag (capsid): p24; env: 41, 120; pol: reverse transcriptase
- mito and CD4+, CCR5 and CXCR4
- mono-like sxs
- acute, latent, AIDS
- when T4 count falls under 200
- Elisa and western blot (p24 antigen)
- nucleoside and non nucleoside reverse transciptor inhibitors, protease inhibitors,
- maraviroc -> blocks CCR5 protein preventing fusing with host cell
16
Q
Orthomyxovirus
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- most important
- hemagluttinin
- M2
- Neuraminidase -> virulence/ tx
- spread
- vaccines
- complications
- contraindications
- associated w/
A
- RNA
- negative sense - must be transcribed into positive strand and need their own polymerase; replicated in nucleus
- enveloped, segmented
- influenza
- binds to syalic acid on cell membrane to enter into cell
- proton channel, allowing for virus to make cell correct pH for it to replicate
- cleaves sialic acids allowing for release of newly replicated viruses -> targeted by tamiflu (oseltamivir)
- resp droplets
- killed is injected, and live is nasal; trivalent- 2a and 1 b, quadrivalent - 2a, 2b
- pnuemonia
- NSAIDs w/ children: liver problems and encephalitis
- guillan barre -> ascending paralysis
17
Q
Paramyxo viruses
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- spread
- measles: sxs, virulence factors, vitamin for TX, vaccine
- mumps: location of replication, replication, virulence factors
- RSV: attaches, sequalae, virulence factors, tx
- Parainfluenza virus: also called, virulence factors, xray findings, sxs
A
- RNA
- negative sense
- enveloped
- respiratory droplets
- acute: cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and koplik spots (small blue/ white spots on red background on the buccal mucosa), progressive: rash from face down body; pneumonia, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; hemagluttin, fusion protein; vitamin A; MMR
- parotid glands, causes inflammation of the epididymus (unilateral) and CNS (meningitis); hemagluttinin, fusion protein, and neruaminadase
- attaches to resp endo through G protein, bronchiolitis; pharyngitis, pneumonia; fusion protein; tx with ribavirin, palivizumab is MAB against attachment protein for RSV
- croup; Ha, Na and fusion; steeple sign; inspiratory stridor
18
Q
Rabies
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
- binds to, pathway and sxs it causes along the way, final destination
- salivary gland
- incubation
- negri bodies
- tx for exposure
- vaccination
A
- RNA
- negative sense, zoonotic (bats, skunks, foxes)
- envelope -> bullet shaped; helical capsid
- nicotinic ACH receptors on post synaptic nerves of motor end plate. Replicates in the nerve and then travels retrograde to the DRG. At the DRG it uses periperhal nerves to get to the brain. As it moves up the peripheral nerves it causes tingling and muscle spasms
- Once it gets to the salivary glands it causes lots of saliva excretion and spasms of muscles in neck and larynx -> foaming at the mouth
- weeks to months
- fever and encephalitis
- eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions found in the hippocampal pyrimidal cells and purkinje cells in cerebrum
- passive immunization with human rabies Ig
- killed -> for active immunity
19
Q
Filovirus
- which viruses
- types of genetic info
- how it replicates
- structure
A
- ebola virus and marburgvirus
- RNA
- negative sense
- helical capsule
20
Q
Staph aureus
- shape
- gram
- cat
- coagulase
- hemo
- mannitol salt
- protein A
- flora
- causes
- scalded skin syndrome
- superantigen
- GI
- TX
A
- cocci
- +
- catalase +
- coag +
- beta hemolytic
- yellow -> able to ferment
- attaches to Fc portion of IgG
- skin and nose
- patchwork pneumonia, septic arthritis, abcesses, tricuspid endocarditis in IV drug users, osteomyelitis
- desquamative rash caused by exfoliative toxin
- causes toxic shock syndrome
- rapid onset food poisoning w/ preformed exotoxin
- penicillen and MRSA -> vancomycin
21
Q
Staph epi
- shape
- gram
- cat
- coagulase
- urease
- novobicin
- associated with
- produces
- tx
A
- cocci
- +
- cat +
- coag -
- ur +
- sensitive
- prosthetic joints, indwelling cath, heart valve
- biofilm
- vancomycin
22
Q
Staph saphro
- shape
- gram
- cat
- coagulase
- urease
- novobicin
- causes
A
- cocci
- +
- cat +
- coag -
- ur +
- resistant
- UTI in sexually active female
23
Q
Strep pyo
- shape
- gram
- hemo
- causes: skin, throat,
- pyrogenic exotoxin
- rheumatic fever
- post strep glomerulonephritis
- streplysin O
- bacitracin
A
- cocci
- +
- beta hemolytic
- impetigo, cellulitis, pharyngitis
- scarlet fever (strawberry tongue and diffuse rash sparing face), pharyngitis, toxic shock syndrome
- bicuspid endocarditis because of protein M, pharyngitis, JONES
- after 2 weeks, cola urine
- penicillen
- antibodies against it are used to dx strep
- sensitive
24
Q
Strep aglactiae
- shape
- gram
- hemo
- hippurate
- CAMP factor
- bacitraicin
- causes
- pregnancy
- tx
A
- cocci
- +
- beta hemolytic
- hipp: +
- enlarges area of hemolysis when plated with staph a
- resistant
- meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia
- checked at 35 weeks
- penicillen
25
Q
Strep pneumo
- shape
- gram
- hemo
- protection
- optochin
- bile
- sxs
- causes
- protease
- susceptible pts
- tx
- vaccine
A
- lancet
- +
- alpha hemolytic
- ecapsulated
- sensitive
- soluble
- rust colored sputum for pneumonia
- MOPS
- cleaves IgA at hinge joint
- sickle cell
- macrolide and ceftriaxone
- adults: IgM, kids: IgG
26
Q
Strep viridans
- shape
- gram
- hemo
- protection
- optochin
- bile
- grows on
- heart
A
- lancet
- +
- alpha hemolytic
- none, not ecapsulated
- resistant
- not soluble
- dental carries
- grows on damaged mitral valves
27
Q
Enterococcus
- types
- shape
- gram
- grown
- bile
- causes
- vanco
- tx
A
- faecium and faecalis
- coccus
- positive
- high salt
- resistant
- UTI, endocarditis, biliary tree infection
- resistant
- tigeracillin and linezolid
28
Q
Bacillus anthacis
- shape
- gram
- most common manifestation
- capsule
- respiration
- produces
- edema factor
- lethal factor
- associated with
- manifests as
- x-ray
- tx
- cereus: found
A
- bacillus
- positive
- cutaneous anthrax w/ central area of necrosis and surrounding erythema, edema, and eschar formation
- poly-gamma-D-gluatamic acid
- aerobic
- spores
- mimics adenylate cyclase -> icrease cAMP -> causes edema
- cleaves MAPK -> causes apoptosis
- wool sorters
- hemorrhagic mediastinitis w/ bloody pleural effusions
- widened mediastinum
- flouroquinolone and doxycycline
- reheated rice, spores activated by the reheating, nausea vommiting or wattery diarrhea
29
Q
C. tetani
- shape
- gram
- respiration
- forms
- caused by
- sxs
- travels
- toxin patho
- prevention
A
- bacilli
- positive
- anaerobic
- spores
- rusty barbed wire and bails
- lock jaw, continuous contraction of facial muscles, oposthotonos
- retrograde
- cleaves SNARE proteins -> inhibit GABA and glycein release from renshaw cells -> muscle spasms, paralysis, hyperreflexia
- vaccine against toxin
30
Q
C. botulinum
- shape
- gram
- respiration
- commonly found in
- spores resistant to
- paralysis
- pathogenesis
- infant
A
- bacilli
- gram positive
- anaerobic
- improperly canned food
- heat, chemical, radiation
- descending, flaccid paralysis
- cleaves SNARE -> inhibits presynaptic release of Ach at neuro junction -> flaccid paralysis
- infant botulism from ingestion of spores from honey
31
Q
C. diff
- shape
- gram
- risk
- precaution
- toxin A
- sxs
- toxin B
- dx
- respiration
- tx
A
- bacilli
- gram +
- spores
- prior exposure to antibiotics
- contact precaution and infection control measures
- binds brush border membranes of gut -> damage mucosal lining of the colon -> diarrhea
- watery diarrhea
- disrupts the cytoskeleton via actin depolymerization -> necrosis of colonic mucosal surfaces -> pseudomembrane formation
- detection of toxins
- obligate anaerobe
- oral vancomyocin, metronidazole
32
Q
C. perfringens
- shape
- gram
- forms, found in
- associated w
- respiration
- causes… progresses to
- toxin
- plated
- tx- sxs
A
- bacillus
- gram +
- spores, soil
- military combat wounds
- anaerobe
- necrotizing skin, myonecrosis and gas gangrene
- alpha, cleaves lecithin in phospholipids -> damage cell membrane -> cell death
- blood agar, w/ double zone of beta hemolysis
- penicillen
- late onset watery diarrhea
33
Q
C. diptheriae
- shape
- gram
- stain
- toxin patho
- sxs
- transmission
- toxin in blood results in
- nerve damage
- growth
- diff tox vx non tox
- vaccine
A
- bacilli, w/ V-Y shaped chains
- positive
- metachromatic granules stain red and rest of bacillus stains blue
- inhibits elongation factor 2 by ribosylation
- dense, grey tonsil psuedomembrane formation, severe lymph adenopathy
- respiratory droplets
- cardiac toxicity
- demyelination causing paralysis in posterior pharyngeal wall and soft palate
- black colonies on tellurite agar, loeffler’s medium
- ELEK test
- against toxoid vaccine
34
Q
Listeria
- shape
- gram
- motility
- catalase
- temperature
- found in
- causes
- tx
A
- bacillus
- positive
- tumbling, allow movement inside and between cells
- positive
- grow in 22-27 degrees celsius
- soft cheese
- meningitis in old and newborns
- ampicillin
35
Q
Actinomyces Israeli
- shape
- gram
- respiration
- normally part of
- sxs, forms, drains
- tx
A
- filamentous bacillus
- positive
- anaerobic
- oral flora, cervical facial dx following oral and jaw trauma
- abcess, cutaneous sinus tracts, hard yellow granules
- penicillin
36
Q
Nocardia
- shape
- gram
- respiration
- found
- stains
- catalase
- urease
- pt population
- sxs
- tx
A
- filamentous bacillus
- positive
- aerobic
- in soil
- positive
- positive
- immunocompromised
- cavitary lesion in lung, pneumonia sxs, ring enhancing lesion in brain, cutaneous causes rash
- sulfonamide
37
Q
N. meningitidis
- shape
- gram
- physical properties -> used for
- oxidase
- grown on
- pt pop
- virulence factor
- toxin
- transmission
- sequale
- sxs
- tx
- prevention
A
- diplococci
- negative
- encapsulated, proteins are used to create vaccines
- positive
- chocolate agar, thayer martin (vanco, colistinm nystatin), ferment both glucose and maltose
- deficiency in C5-C9 leaves vulnerable; college dorms
- lots of different pili w/ genetic rearrangement
- IgA protease toxin
- respiratory droplets
- LOS of meningitidis causes sepsis and waterhouse- friderichsen
- hemorrhagic lesions
- ceftiaxone
- rifampin
38
Q
N. gonnorrhoeae
- shape
- gram
- physical properties -> used for
- oxidase
- grown on
- pt pop
- virulence factor
- toxin
- transmission
- location
- sequlae
- sxs
- newborns
- tx
A
- diplococci
- negative
- encapsulated, proteins are used to create vaccines
- positive
- chocolate agar, thayer martin (vanco, colistinm nystatin), ferment both glucose and maltose
- deficiency in C5-C9 leaves vulnerable; college dorms
- lots of different pili w/ genetic rearrangement
- IgA protease toxin
- STI
- facultatively intracellular in PMN
- PID -> fitz hugh curtis syndrome (adhesion between peritoneum or diaphragm)
- white, murcopurulent urethral or vaginal discharge, asymmetrical septic arthritis
- conjunctival infection causes blindness
- ceftriaxone
39
Q
Klebsiella
- shape
- gram
- ferment
- urease
- sequelae
- common in
- leads to
- causes
- sxs
- xray
A
- bacilli
- negative
- lactose
- positive
- UTI, pneumonia
- alcoholics
- abcesses
- aspiration
- currant jelly sputum
- cavitary lesions like in TB
40
Q
Salmonella
- shape
- gram
- culture
- acid
- enteriditis: reservoir,
- typhi: colonizes, causes, sxs, tx, prevention
- sequelae
A
- bacilli, motile, encapsulated
- negative
- black on H & E
- labile
- chicken
- gallbladder, typhoid fever, pea soup stool, fluoroquinilones, vaccination
- osteomyelitis
41
Q
Shigella
- shape
- gram
- colonies
- acid
- invade
- sxs
- sequelae; affects
- shiga toxin effects
A
- bacilli
- negative
- green colonies on H & E
- stable
- M cells in peyer patches, where they can manipulate cytoskeleton allowing for motility inside cell
- bloody diarrhea, gastroenteritis
- HUS -> hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, AKI; children
- inactivated the 60S ribosomal subunit
