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1
Q

Picorna virus overview

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • transmission
  • types
A
  • RNA
  • Positive sense: structure like mRNA and can be directly translated into products; also will be made into 1 long polypeptide and then cleaved by proteases
  • naked
  • Fecal-oral, except rhino is resp
  • hep A, polio, coxsackie, rhino virus
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2
Q

Enteroviruses

  • considered
  • biggest feature
  • include
A
  • picorna virus
  • cause aseptic meningitis
  • polio, coxsackie and echovirus
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3
Q

Polio Virus

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • acid
  • replication
  • where does it stay
  • what are the sxs
  • vaccine
A
  • RNA
    • sense
  • picorna virus
  • naked
  • acid stable
  • replication occurs in gut
  • travel to anterior horn of motor neuron
  • causes asymmetric paralysis, and weakness can lead to resp failure
  • causes meningitis
  • killed vaccine (salk) and live vaccine (sabin)
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4
Q

Coxsackie

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • A: what condition does it cause, when does it occur
  • B: what conditions does it cause
A
  • RNA
  • Positive sense
  • naked
  • hand foot and mouth and aseptic meningitis, summer
  • dilated cardiomyopathy and the devils grip (sever unilateral pleuritic pain)
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5
Q

Rhinovirus

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • acid
  • spread
  • prevention
  • how does it invade
  • dx that it causes
  • why is there not vaccine
A
  • RNA
  • Positive sense, 33 degrees
  • naked
  • labile
  • resp drops
  • washing hands
  • ICAM 1
  • URI
  • bc there are over 100 serotypes
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6
Q

Hep A

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • acid
  • spread
  • sxs
  • duration
  • tx
  • vaccine
A
  • RNA
  • Positive sense
  • naked
  • stable
  • fecal oral, contaminated water, infected sea food, travelers visiting endemic countries
  • nausea. vommiting, jaundice not wanting to smoke
  • one month, not chronic
  • self limited
  • killed
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7
Q

Noro virus

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • where is it common
  • sxs
A
  • RNA
  • Positive sense, all proteins are transcribed into one protein and then split with endonuclease
  • naked
  • on cruise ships, daycare, school, contaminated shell fish
  • explosive diarrhea
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8
Q

Flaviviridae

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • what viruses does this include
A
  • RNA
  • Positive sense
  • enveloped
  • dengue, yellow, hep C, west nile
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9
Q

Dengue Virus

  • vector
  • type II alt name
  • syndrome
  • progresses to
A
  • mosquito -> Aedes
  • breakbone fever
  • dengue hemorrhagic fever -> thrombocytopenia, sponateous bleeding
  • AKI
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10
Q

Yellow Fever

  • vector
  • sxs
  • vaccine
A
  • aedes mosquito
  • severe back ache, GI and mucousal membrane bleeding
  • only for those traveling to south america and africa
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11
Q

West nile

  • reservoir
  • vector
  • sxs
A
  • birds
  • mosquitoes -> culex
  • encephalitis, meningitis, seizures, coma, flaccid paralysis
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12
Q

Hep C

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • transmission
  • vaccine
  • chronicity
  • sequelae
  • labs
  • tx
A
  • RNA
  • Positive sense
  • enveloped
  • blood -> tattoo, needles
  • none because there are too many serotypes -> cannot proof read
  • 60-40% have chronic infection
  • cirrhosis, hapto carcinoma, cold agglutination of IgM antibodies
  • high ALT during acute phase that falls after 6 months
  • ribavirin, interferon alpha
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13
Q

Toga viruses

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • arbo virus: 3 types, vector, sxs it causes
  • rubella: sxs in children/ neonates/ adults. spread, tx, buzz word
A
  • RNA
    • sense, all proteins are transcribed into one protein and then split with protease
  • enveloped
  • easter, western, and venezuelean equine; mosquitoes; encephalitis
  • children: tender post aur and occipital lymph adeno w/ maculopapular rash that spreads downward from face, neonates: metal retardation, patents PDA/ cataracts/ sensorineural deafness, blueberry muffin rash, adult: arthralgia/arthritis and lymphadenopathy; resp droplets; live vaccine; immigrant
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14
Q

Corona Virus

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • causes
  • SARS: what is it, labs, tx
A
  • RNA
  • Positive sense
  • encapsulated and helical
  • common cold
  • acute bronchitis that leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome -> antibodies w/i 28 days, steroid/ribavirin/ broad spectrum antibiotics
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15
Q

HIV

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • epi
  • special genes
  • what cells is it in
  • acute sxs
  • phases
  • what is AIDS
  • testing
  • TX
  • maraviroc
A
  • RNA
  • Positive sense, diploid
  • enveloped
  • causes immunodeficiency, so in immunodeficient pts
  • gag (capsid): p24; env: 41, 120; pol: reverse transcriptase
  • mito and CD4+, CCR5 and CXCR4
  • mono-like sxs
  • acute, latent, AIDS
  • when T4 count falls under 200
  • Elisa and western blot (p24 antigen)
  • nucleoside and non nucleoside reverse transciptor inhibitors, protease inhibitors,
  • maraviroc -> blocks CCR5 protein preventing fusing with host cell
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16
Q

Orthomyxovirus

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • most important
  • hemagluttinin
  • M2
  • Neuraminidase -> virulence/ tx
  • spread
  • vaccines
  • complications
  • contraindications
  • associated w/
A
  • RNA
  • negative sense - must be transcribed into positive strand and need their own polymerase; replicated in nucleus
  • enveloped, segmented
  • influenza
  • binds to syalic acid on cell membrane to enter into cell
  • proton channel, allowing for virus to make cell correct pH for it to replicate
  • cleaves sialic acids allowing for release of newly replicated viruses -> targeted by tamiflu (oseltamivir)
  • resp droplets
  • killed is injected, and live is nasal; trivalent- 2a and 1 b, quadrivalent - 2a, 2b
  • pnuemonia
  • NSAIDs w/ children: liver problems and encephalitis
  • guillan barre -> ascending paralysis
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17
Q

Paramyxo viruses

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • spread
  • measles: sxs, virulence factors, vitamin for TX, vaccine
  • mumps: location of replication, replication, virulence factors
  • RSV: attaches, sequalae, virulence factors, tx
  • Parainfluenza virus: also called, virulence factors, xray findings, sxs
A
  • RNA
  • negative sense
  • enveloped
  • respiratory droplets
  • acute: cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and koplik spots (small blue/ white spots on red background on the buccal mucosa), progressive: rash from face down body; pneumonia, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; hemagluttin, fusion protein; vitamin A; MMR
  • parotid glands, causes inflammation of the epididymus (unilateral) and CNS (meningitis); hemagluttinin, fusion protein, and neruaminadase
  • attaches to resp endo through G protein, bronchiolitis; pharyngitis, pneumonia; fusion protein; tx with ribavirin, palivizumab is MAB against attachment protein for RSV
  • croup; Ha, Na and fusion; steeple sign; inspiratory stridor
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18
Q

Rabies

  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • binds to, pathway and sxs it causes along the way, final destination
  • salivary gland
  • incubation
  • negri bodies
  • tx for exposure
  • vaccination
A
  • RNA
  • negative sense, zoonotic (bats, skunks, foxes)
  • envelope -> bullet shaped; helical capsid
  • nicotinic ACH receptors on post synaptic nerves of motor end plate. Replicates in the nerve and then travels retrograde to the DRG. At the DRG it uses periperhal nerves to get to the brain. As it moves up the peripheral nerves it causes tingling and muscle spasms
  • Once it gets to the salivary glands it causes lots of saliva excretion and spasms of muscles in neck and larynx -> foaming at the mouth
  • weeks to months
  • fever and encephalitis
  • eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions found in the hippocampal pyrimidal cells and purkinje cells in cerebrum
  • passive immunization with human rabies Ig
  • killed -> for active immunity
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19
Q

Filovirus

  • which viruses
  • types of genetic info
  • how it replicates
  • structure
A
  • ebola virus and marburgvirus
  • RNA
  • negative sense
  • helical capsule
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20
Q

Staph aureus

  • shape
  • gram
  • cat
  • coagulase
  • hemo
  • mannitol salt
  • protein A
  • flora
  • causes
  • scalded skin syndrome
  • superantigen
  • GI
  • TX
A
  • cocci
  • +
  • catalase +
  • coag +
  • beta hemolytic
  • yellow -> able to ferment
  • attaches to Fc portion of IgG
  • skin and nose
  • patchwork pneumonia, septic arthritis, abcesses, tricuspid endocarditis in IV drug users, osteomyelitis
  • desquamative rash caused by exfoliative toxin
  • causes toxic shock syndrome
  • rapid onset food poisoning w/ preformed exotoxin
  • penicillen and MRSA -> vancomycin
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21
Q

Staph epi

  • shape
  • gram
  • cat
  • coagulase
  • urease
  • novobicin
  • associated with
  • produces
  • tx
A
  • cocci
  • +
  • cat +
  • coag -
  • ur +
  • sensitive
  • prosthetic joints, indwelling cath, heart valve
  • biofilm
  • vancomycin
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22
Q

Staph saphro

  • shape
  • gram
  • cat
  • coagulase
  • urease
  • novobicin
  • causes
A
  • cocci
  • +
  • cat +
  • coag -
  • ur +
  • resistant
  • UTI in sexually active female
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23
Q

Strep pyo

  • shape
  • gram
  • hemo
  • causes: skin, throat,
  • pyrogenic exotoxin
  • rheumatic fever
  • post strep glomerulonephritis
  • streplysin O
  • bacitracin
A
  • cocci
  • +
  • beta hemolytic
  • impetigo, cellulitis, pharyngitis
  • scarlet fever (strawberry tongue and diffuse rash sparing face), pharyngitis, toxic shock syndrome
  • bicuspid endocarditis because of protein M, pharyngitis, JONES
  • after 2 weeks, cola urine
  • penicillen
  • antibodies against it are used to dx strep
  • sensitive
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24
Q

Strep aglactiae

  • shape
  • gram
  • hemo
  • hippurate
  • CAMP factor
  • bacitraicin
  • causes
  • pregnancy
  • tx
A
  • cocci
  • +
  • beta hemolytic
  • hipp: +
  • enlarges area of hemolysis when plated with staph a
  • resistant
  • meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia
  • checked at 35 weeks
  • penicillen
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25
Q

Strep pneumo

  • shape
  • gram
  • hemo
  • protection
  • optochin
  • bile
  • sxs
  • causes
  • protease
  • susceptible pts
  • tx
  • vaccine
A
  • lancet
  • +
  • alpha hemolytic
  • ecapsulated
  • sensitive
  • soluble
  • rust colored sputum for pneumonia
  • MOPS
  • cleaves IgA at hinge joint
  • sickle cell
  • macrolide and ceftriaxone
  • adults: IgM, kids: IgG
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26
Q

Strep viridans

  • shape
  • gram
  • hemo
  • protection
  • optochin
  • bile
  • grows on
  • heart
A
  • lancet
  • +
  • alpha hemolytic
  • none, not ecapsulated
  • resistant
  • not soluble
  • dental carries
  • grows on damaged mitral valves
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27
Q

Enterococcus

  • types
  • shape
  • gram
  • grown
  • bile
  • causes
  • vanco
  • tx
A
  • faecium and faecalis
  • coccus
  • positive
  • high salt
  • resistant
  • UTI, endocarditis, biliary tree infection
  • resistant
  • tigeracillin and linezolid
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28
Q

Bacillus anthacis

  • shape
  • gram
  • most common manifestation
  • capsule
  • respiration
  • produces
  • edema factor
  • lethal factor
  • associated with
  • manifests as
  • x-ray
  • tx
  • cereus: found
A
  • bacillus
  • positive
  • cutaneous anthrax w/ central area of necrosis and surrounding erythema, edema, and eschar formation
  • poly-gamma-D-gluatamic acid
  • aerobic
  • spores
  • mimics adenylate cyclase -> icrease cAMP -> causes edema
  • cleaves MAPK -> causes apoptosis
  • wool sorters
  • hemorrhagic mediastinitis w/ bloody pleural effusions
  • widened mediastinum
  • flouroquinolone and doxycycline
  • reheated rice, spores activated by the reheating, nausea vommiting or wattery diarrhea
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29
Q

C. tetani

  • shape
  • gram
  • respiration
  • forms
  • caused by
  • sxs
  • travels
  • toxin patho
  • prevention
A
  • bacilli
  • positive
  • anaerobic
  • spores
  • rusty barbed wire and bails
  • lock jaw, continuous contraction of facial muscles, oposthotonos
  • retrograde
  • cleaves SNARE proteins -> inhibit GABA and glycein release from renshaw cells -> muscle spasms, paralysis, hyperreflexia
  • vaccine against toxin
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30
Q

C. botulinum

  • shape
  • gram
  • respiration
  • commonly found in
  • spores resistant to
  • paralysis
  • pathogenesis
  • infant
A
  • bacilli
  • gram positive
  • anaerobic
  • improperly canned food
  • heat, chemical, radiation
  • descending, flaccid paralysis
  • cleaves SNARE -> inhibits presynaptic release of Ach at neuro junction -> flaccid paralysis
  • infant botulism from ingestion of spores from honey
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31
Q

C. diff

  • shape
  • gram
  • risk
  • precaution
  • toxin A
  • sxs
  • toxin B
  • dx
  • respiration
  • tx
A
  • bacilli
  • gram +
  • spores
  • prior exposure to antibiotics
  • contact precaution and infection control measures
  • binds brush border membranes of gut -> damage mucosal lining of the colon -> diarrhea
  • watery diarrhea
  • disrupts the cytoskeleton via actin depolymerization -> necrosis of colonic mucosal surfaces -> pseudomembrane formation
  • detection of toxins
  • obligate anaerobe
  • oral vancomyocin, metronidazole
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32
Q

C. perfringens

  • shape
  • gram
  • forms, found in
  • associated w
  • respiration
  • causes… progresses to
  • toxin
  • plated
  • tx- sxs
A
  • bacillus
  • gram +
  • spores, soil
  • military combat wounds
  • anaerobe
  • necrotizing skin, myonecrosis and gas gangrene
  • alpha, cleaves lecithin in phospholipids -> damage cell membrane -> cell death
  • blood agar, w/ double zone of beta hemolysis
  • penicillen
  • late onset watery diarrhea
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33
Q

C. diptheriae

  • shape
  • gram
  • stain
  • toxin patho
  • sxs
  • transmission
  • toxin in blood results in
  • nerve damage
  • growth
  • diff tox vx non tox
  • vaccine
A
  • bacilli, w/ V-Y shaped chains
  • positive
  • metachromatic granules stain red and rest of bacillus stains blue
  • inhibits elongation factor 2 by ribosylation
  • dense, grey tonsil psuedomembrane formation, severe lymph adenopathy
  • respiratory droplets
  • cardiac toxicity
  • demyelination causing paralysis in posterior pharyngeal wall and soft palate
  • black colonies on tellurite agar, loeffler’s medium
  • ELEK test
  • against toxoid vaccine
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34
Q

Listeria

  • shape
  • gram
  • motility
  • catalase
  • temperature
  • found in
  • causes
  • tx
A
  • bacillus
  • positive
  • tumbling, allow movement inside and between cells
  • positive
  • grow in 22-27 degrees celsius
  • soft cheese
  • meningitis in old and newborns
  • ampicillin
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35
Q

Actinomyces Israeli

  • shape
  • gram
  • respiration
  • normally part of
  • sxs, forms, drains
  • tx
A
  • filamentous bacillus
  • positive
  • anaerobic
  • oral flora, cervical facial dx following oral and jaw trauma
  • abcess, cutaneous sinus tracts, hard yellow granules
  • penicillin
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36
Q

Nocardia

  • shape
  • gram
  • respiration
  • found
  • stains
  • catalase
  • urease
  • pt population
  • sxs
  • tx
A
  • filamentous bacillus
  • positive
  • aerobic
  • in soil
  • positive
  • positive
  • immunocompromised
  • cavitary lesion in lung, pneumonia sxs, ring enhancing lesion in brain, cutaneous causes rash
  • sulfonamide
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37
Q

N. meningitidis

  • shape
  • gram
  • physical properties -> used for
  • oxidase
  • grown on
  • pt pop
  • virulence factor
  • toxin
  • transmission
  • sequale
  • sxs
  • tx
  • prevention
A
  • diplococci
  • negative
  • encapsulated, proteins are used to create vaccines
  • positive
  • chocolate agar, thayer martin (vanco, colistinm nystatin), ferment both glucose and maltose
  • deficiency in C5-C9 leaves vulnerable; college dorms
  • lots of different pili w/ genetic rearrangement
  • IgA protease toxin
  • respiratory droplets
  • LOS of meningitidis causes sepsis and waterhouse- friderichsen
  • hemorrhagic lesions
  • ceftiaxone
  • rifampin
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38
Q

N. gonnorrhoeae

  • shape
  • gram
  • physical properties -> used for
  • oxidase
  • grown on
  • pt pop
  • virulence factor
  • toxin
  • transmission
  • location
  • sequlae
  • sxs
  • newborns
  • tx
A
  • diplococci
  • negative
  • encapsulated, proteins are used to create vaccines
  • positive
  • chocolate agar, thayer martin (vanco, colistinm nystatin), ferment both glucose and maltose
  • deficiency in C5-C9 leaves vulnerable; college dorms
  • lots of different pili w/ genetic rearrangement
  • IgA protease toxin
  • STI
  • facultatively intracellular in PMN
  • PID -> fitz hugh curtis syndrome (adhesion between peritoneum or diaphragm)
  • white, murcopurulent urethral or vaginal discharge, asymmetrical septic arthritis
  • conjunctival infection causes blindness
  • ceftriaxone
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39
Q

Klebsiella

  • shape
  • gram
  • ferment
  • urease
  • sequelae
  • common in
  • leads to
  • causes
  • sxs
  • xray
A
  • bacilli
  • negative
  • lactose
  • positive
  • UTI, pneumonia
  • alcoholics
  • abcesses
  • aspiration
  • currant jelly sputum
  • cavitary lesions like in TB
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40
Q

Salmonella

  • shape
  • gram
  • culture
  • acid
  • enteriditis: reservoir,
  • typhi: colonizes, causes, sxs, tx, prevention
  • sequelae
A
  • bacilli, motile, encapsulated
  • negative
  • black on H & E
  • labile
  • chicken
  • gallbladder, typhoid fever, pea soup stool, fluoroquinilones, vaccination
  • osteomyelitis
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41
Q

Shigella

  • shape
  • gram
  • colonies
  • acid
  • invade
  • sxs
  • sequelae; affects
  • shiga toxin effects
A
  • bacilli
  • negative
  • green colonies on H & E
  • stable
  • M cells in peyer patches, where they can manipulate cytoskeleton allowing for motility inside cell
  • bloody diarrhea, gastroenteritis
  • HUS -> hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, AKI; children
  • inactivated the 60S ribosomal subunit
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42
Q

E Coli

  • shape
  • gram
  • ferments
  • antigen
  • growing
  • catalase
  • most common cause of
  • EHEC: transmitted, sxs, produces
  • ETEC: commonly causes,, toxin pathogenesis,
A
  • bacillus, encapsulated
  • negative
  • lactose
  • k antien -> capsule antigen
  • positive (cause meningitis)
  • metallic green on EMB
  • UTI, gram negative sepsis
  • uncooked meat, bloody diarrhea, shiga like toxin
  • travelers diarrhea, heat-labile toxin which over activates adenylate cyclase -> increase cAMP -> water and choride efflux w/ decreased Na reabsorption
43
Q

Yersinia

  • shape
  • gram
  • enterocolitica: transmitted, temp, pts affected, staining, sxs
  • pestis: reservoir, vector, sxs
  • tx
A
  • bacillus
  • negative
  • pet feces and contaminated milk and dairy products, 25 celsius, children, look like safety pin, bloody diarrhea and mimics apendicitis
  • rodents, fleas, painful/ swollen LM w/ erythema,
  • aminoglycoside and tetracycline
44
Q

Campylobacter

  • shape
  • gram
  • grows
  • reservoir
  • sxs
  • oxidase
  • location
  • sequelae
A
  • curved bacillus
  • negative
  • 42 degrees celsius
  • poultry, cattle, sheep, dogs
  • bloody diarrhea, reactive arthritis
  • positive
  • invasive, penetrate intestinal epi
  • guillain- barre
45
Q

Vibrio

  • shape
  • gram
  • endemic
  • sxs
  • transmission
  • fimbriae
  • cholera toxin
  • tx
  • acid
  • oxidase
A
  • curved bacillus
  • negative
  • developing countries
  • profuse, watery diarrhea (rice-water),
  • fecal - oral or oysters
  • allow bacteria to attach but do not invade intestinal mucosa
  • increase cAMP -> increase Na and Cl efflux; permanently activated Gs to elevate cAMP
  • oral rehydration
  • labile
  • positive
46
Q

H. pylori

  • shape
  • gram
  • urease
  • oxidase
  • sequelae
  • increases risk of
  • tx
A
  • curved bacillus, motile
  • gram negative
  • positive
  • positive
  • gastric and duodenal ulcers
  • gastric adenocarcinoma and MALTomas
  • PPI, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin
47
Q

P. mirabilis

  • shape
  • gram
  • motility
  • sequlae
  • urease
  • sxs
  • tx
A
  • bacillus
  • negative
  • swarming
  • causes UTI w/ staghorn claculi
  • positive
  • fishy odor
  • sulfonamide
48
Q

Pertussis

  • gram
  • filamentous hemagglutinin
  • toxin
  • tracheal cytotoxin
  • sxs
  • tx
  • transmission
  • vaccine
A
  • negative
  • adhesin that binds to respiratory epi
  • ribosylate Gi protein -> disabling them -> increase in cAMP -> massive lymphocytosis
  • destroys ciliated respiratory epi cells
  • whooping cough
  • macrolide
  • resp droplets
  • includes acellular antigens administered in childhood
49
Q

H influenzae

  • shape
  • gram
  • culture
  • factor V and X
  • transmission
  • sxs
  • prevention
  • tx
A
  • coccobacilli
  • negative
  • chocolate agar
  • required for growth of H influ
  • respiratory droplets
  • epiglottitis, otitis media, meningitis (type b capsule)
  • vaccine (HiB antigen conjugated to diptheria toxin); rifampin
  • ceftriaxone
50
Q

Legionella

  • shape
  • gram
  • oxidase
  • culture
  • cysteine and iron
  • sxs
  • x ray
  • risk factor
  • tx
A
  • bacillus
  • negative
  • positive
  • silver stain, buffered charcoal yeast extract
  • needed for growth
  • pontiac fever, hyponatremia, neuro sxs, diarrhea,
  • patchy unilobar infiltrate the progress to consolidation
  • smoking
  • macrolide, fluoroquinilone
51
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  • shape
  • gram
  • lives
  • oxidase
  • catalase
  • produce
  • respiration
  • pts
  • associated with
  • cutaneous
  • ears
  • exotoxin A
  • tx
A
  • bacillus
  • negative
  • aquatic environment
  • positive
  • positive
  • blue-green pigment and fruit grape-like odor
  • aerobic
  • cause lung infection in CF pts, osteomyelitis in diabetics and IV drug users, burn pts
  • indwelling caths w/ common cause of UTI
  • ecthyma gangrenosum w/ black/ necrotic lesions
  • can cause otitis externa
  • inhibits elngation factor 2 by ribosylation
  • piperacillin, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycoside
52
Q

Bartonella Henselae

  • shape
  • gram
  • transmission
  • what dx
  • stain
  • sxs
  • pt type
  • cutaneous -> pt type
  • tx
A
  • bacillus
  • negative
  • zoonotic
  • cat scratch dx/ bites or infected fleas
  • Warthrin-starry silver stain
  • painful axillary lymphadenopathy
  • immunocompetent pt
  • bacilliary angiomatosis -> red papules can grow into large vascular lesions or nodules; immunocompromised
  • doxycycline, macrolide
53
Q

Brucella

  • shape
  • gram
  • transmission
  • how to get it
  • location
  • acute brucellosis
  • organs involved
  • complication
  • tx
A
  • bacillus
  • negative
  • zoonotic; cows, pigs, sheep, goats
  • ingestion of unpasteurized dairy
  • faculatative intracellular
  • undulant fever, night sweats, anorexia
  • liver and spleen
  • osteomyelitis
  • doxycycline and rifampin
54
Q

Francisella

  • shape
  • gram
  • transmission
  • vector
  • location
  • tularemia
  • sxs
  • tx
A
  • coccobacillus
  • negative
  • zoonotic; rabits
  • dermacentor
  • faculatative intracellular; in marcophages to LN
  • painful skin ulcers and necrosis at site of infection
  • local necrosis and ceseating granulomas at location of LN
  • aminoglycoside
55
Q

Pasteurella

  • shape
  • gram
  • transmission
  • sxs
  • catalase
  • oxidase
  • cultured
  • microscopy
  • tx
A
  • coccobacillus
  • negative
  • zoonotic; dogs and cats
  • cellulitis within 24 hrs of bite and sometimes osteomyelitis
  • positive
  • positive
  • 5% blood agar
  • safety pin staining
  • penicillen
56
Q

TB

  • kind of bact
  • culture
  • respiration
  • replicate
  • cord factor
  • sulfatide
  • location
  • ghon complex
  • latent
  • resolving of primary
  • skin test
  • miliary
  • reactivation
  • potts dx
  • tx
A
  • acid fast bc of high mycolic acid in membrane
  • lowenstein jensen
  • aerobe
  • macrophage
  • clumps bacterial cells into serpentine cords
  • prevent phagolysosome fusion
  • middle and upper lungs
  • lung lesion w/ hilar lymphadenopathy and parenchymal granuloma
  • when dormant TB contained in walled off foci
  • granulomas form to wall off TB
  • PPD, intradermal injection of TB causing induration; BCG vaccine can cause false positive PPD
  • diffuse hematogenous dissemination of TB to mult organs
  • caused by TNF alpha inhibitors -> inhibit macrophages and occurs in upper lungs
  • infection of vertebral column from dissemination of TB
  • rifampin (latent), isoniazid (latent), pyrazinamide and ethambutol
57
Q

Myco Leprae

  • type of bact
  • temp
  • reservoir
  • tuberculoid variant; sxs; tx
  • test
  • lepromatous; spread
A
  • acid fast
  • cooler temps
  • armadillo
  • Th1 cells respond -> induce macrophage phagocytosis -> tuberculoid variant; well demarcated, hairless skin lesions; rifampin and dapsone 6 month
  • lepromin
  • Th2 respond -> bact not contained in macrophage; glove and stocking neuropathy in extremities and demarcated lesions on extensor surface; human to human; rifampin and dapsone 2-5 yrs
58
Q

Borrelia burgdorferi

  • shape
  • sequelae
  • transmission
  • host
  • visualized
  • stage 1
  • stage 2
  • stage 3
  • tx
A
  • spirochete
  • lyme dx
  • ixodes tick
  • mouse for larvae and deer for adult
  • Wright- giemsa stain
  • bulls eye rash, flu sxs
  • heart block, bilateral bells palsy
  • polyarthritis, encephalopathy
  • doxycycline and ceftriaxone
59
Q

Lepto interrogans

  • shape
  • microscopy
  • found in
  • leptospirosis
  • severe form
A
  • spirochete
  • question mark appearance
  • water contaminated w/ infected animal urine
  • fever, conjunctivitis
  • weils dx -> renal and hepatic involvement
60
Q

Trepenoma pallidum

  • shape
  • microscopy
  • screening test
  • confirmatory test
  • 1st stage
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • congenital
  • tx
  • jarisch herxheimer reaction
A
  • spirochete
  • dark field
  • VDRL
  • flourescent trepenomal antibody absorption test
  • chancre
  • systemic, maculopapular rash on palms and soles and condyloma lata
  • Gumma (soft growth w firm necrotic centers), affects aorta, tabes dorsalis, argyll robertson pupil
  • saddle nose, bow legged, hutchinson teeth, mulberry molars, sensorineural hearing loss
  • penicillin
  • fever and chills after administration of tx bc death of bacteria
61
Q

Chlamydia

  • gram
  • respiration
  • elementary bodies
  • reticulate bodies
  • microscopy, stain
  • D-K: transmission, sxs, sequlae, congenital
  • L1-3: transmission, sxs
  • trachoma: caused by, transmission
  • reiters syndrome
  • psittaci
  • tx
A
  • gram indeterminate
  • obligate intracellular org
  • extracellular, infectious form
  • intracellular, replicating form
  • reticulate bodies look like inclusion bodies; giemsa
  • STI, Watery vaginal or urethral discharge, PID; conjunctivitis or penumonia
  • STI; painful inguinal lymphadenopathy
  • caused by A-C; hand to eye contact and fomites
  • arthritis, aveitis, urethritis
  • via bird dropping and cause atypical pneumonia
  • macrolide, azithromycin, tetracycline, ceftriaxone
62
Q

Cox burnetti

  • gram
  • causes
  • location
  • forms
  • transmission
  • reservoir
  • sequlae
A
  • intermedium
  • Q fever; headache and dry cough
  • obligate intracellular
  • spores
  • aerosol
  • farm animals
  • granulomatous hepatitis
63
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis

  • gram
  • grows in
  • sxs
  • whiff test
  • micro
  • tx
A
  • intermediate
  • vagina w/ increased pH
  • thin, grey-white fishy smelling vaginal discharge w/ pH of > 4.5
  • adding 10% KOH to vaginal discharge and getting pungent fishy odor
  • clue cells
  • metronidazole
64
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

  • gram
  • cell wall has
  • xray
  • causes
  • commonly found
  • IgM cold agluttinins
  • culture
  • tx
A
  • indeterminate
  • cholesterol
  • patchy and is much more severe than sxs
  • walking pneumonia
  • military recruits, adults under 30
  • blood agluttinates at cold temp
  • eatons agar
  • macrolide
65
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii

  • gram
  • location
  • cannot produce
  • dx
  • sxs
  • result in
  • tx
  • found in
  • transmission
  • leads to
A
  • indeterminate
  • obligate intracellular
  • CoA, NAD+, must get from cell
  • Weil-Felix agglutination test
  • headache and fever
  • small vessel vasculitis -> petichial rash that develops centrally on trunk and spreads to extremities, sparing face, palms, soles; myalgia and arthralgias
  • doxycycline
  • POW and militray camp recruits
  • via feces of lice and into blood
  • pneumonia, encephalitis
66
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

  • gram
  • location
  • cannot produce
  • dx
  • sxs
  • result in
  • tx
  • causes
  • vectos
A
  • indeterminate
  • obligate intracellular
  • CoA, NAD+, must get from cell
  • Weil-Felix agglutination test
  • headache and fever
  • small vessel vasculitis -> petichial rash peripherally on wrist and ankles and spread to trunk; fever after 2-14 day incubation
  • doxycycline
  • rocky mountain spotted fever
  • dermacentor tick
67
Q

Bunya virus

  • which viruses
  • genetic material
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • genomes
  • hanta virus: transmission, leads to
  • california: lead to, vector
A
  • hanta viruses, california encephalitis, rift valley
  • RNA
  • negative sense
  • envelopes from Golgi body of host cell membrane
  • three circular RNA segments
  • feces, urine, saliva of rodents; PE and hemorrhagic fever
  • encephalitis and seizure; aedes mosquito
68
Q

arenaviruses

  • also known as
  • genetic material
  • how it replicates
  • structure
  • microscopy
  • reservoir
  • leads to
  • sxs
  • inactivation
A
  • lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
  • RNA, two segments
  • ambisense (both positive and negative)
  • enveloped, helical capsid
  • grainy
  • rodents
  • aseptic meningitis
  • fever
  • heat, irradiation
69
Q 
Reoviridae
- which viruses
- genetic material
- how it replicates
- structure
- rotavirus: presentation and toxin, pt pop, prevention -> side effect
- colorado: sxs, tx
-
A
  • rota virus, colorado tick fever virus
  • double stranded RNA, avg 11 segments
  • both positive and negative sense
  • naked
  • watery diarrhea (NSP4 toxin), children, oral vaccine -> intussusception
  • vomiting/ fever. myalgia; oral rehydration and supprortive care
70
Q

Herpes

  • genetic material
  • structure
  • cowdry bodies
  • 1: initial breakout, sequelae, domant
  • lesion
  • herpetic whitlow
  • erythema multiforme
  • 2: sxs, dormant, causes
  • dx
A
  • double stranded DNA
  • enveloped
  • eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion in cells infected w/ HSV
  • gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivits (corneal ulceres); temporal lobe and sporadic encephalitis, trigeminal ganglia
  • dew drop on rose petal
  • dew drop on fingers
  • hypersensitivity reaction causing small target lesions on back of hands and feet, move centrally
  • painful inguinal lymphadenopathy, sacral ganglia, aseptic meningitis
  • tzank smear to see multi nucleated giant cells
  • valcyclovir or acyclovir
71
Q

Epstein Barr

  • genetic material
  • transmission
  • sxs
  • cells
  • latent in
  • initiated by
  • rxn w/ penicillen
  • high risk of
  • test w/
  • avoid..bc
A
  • DNA
  • saliva
  • fever, painful lymphadenopathy in post cervical region, splenomegaly and enlarged LN, pharyngitis, tonsillar exudate
  • abnormally large CD8+ T cells w/ abundant cytoplasm
  • B cells
  • envelope binding to CD21 on B cells
  • maculopapular rash
  • hodgkins, non-hodgkins lymphoma, burkitts lymphoma and nasopahryngeal carcinoma, oral hair leukoplakia
  • monospot using horse/sheep RBC
  • contact sports bc of splenic rupture
72
Q

Cytomegalovirus

  • genetic material
  • remains latent
  • pt pop
  • characteristic
  • congenital sxs/ effects
  • intrauterine infections develop into
  • microscopic
  • UL97 tx
  • dx
  • tx
A
  • DNA
  • mononuclear WBC, b and t cells
  • immunocompromised, pts w/ organ transplantation, HIV pts w/ CD4 < 50
  • blueberry muffin rash, colitisretinitis/ esophagitis (AIDS pts)
  • sore throat, lymphadenopathy, fatigue, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, bilateral/unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, ventriculomegaly
  • hydrops fetalis
  • owl eye inclusions
  • foscarnet
  • negative monospot
  • ganciclovir
73
Q

Varicella zoster

  • genetic material
  • structure
  • causes/ sxs
  • transmission
  • vesicular rash
  • smear
  • adult complications
  • vaccine
  • tx
  • latent
  • reactivation occurs w, called; rash; complication, tx
  • herpes zoster ophthalmicus
  • congenital: contracted, sxs
A
  • DNA
  • herpes
  • enveloped
  • chicken pox (fever, headache, rash),
  • respiratory droplets
  • dew drop on roses that are in various stages of development and healing
  • tzank smear
  • pneumonia and encephalitis
  • live attenuated administered in childhood and adults over 60
  • acyclovir
  • in dorsal root ganglia
  • stress, aging, immunosuppression, shingles; in dermatome; post herpetic neuralgia w. burning pain after rash has cleared; famcyclovir and valcyclovir
  • varicella reactivates in V1 -> vision loss
  • in first 2 trimesters of pregnancy; dermatomal scarring, blindness, and limb hypoplasia
74
Q

Roseola

  • also known as
  • family
  • genetic info
  • cell type
  • sxs
  • pt type
  • tx
A
  • HHV- 6
  • herpes
  • DNA
  • CD4+ helper T cells
  • fever for 4 days and after a diffuse lacy rash that spares the face
  • 6 months to 2 yrs
  • self limiting
75
Q

Kaposis

  • also known as
  • causes
  • genetic info
  • pt pop
  • sxs
  • leads to
  • lesions found
  • leads to
  • endemic
A
  • HHV- 8
  • kaposi sarcoma
  • DNA
  • AIDs defining illness
  • violaceous lesions on nose, extremities and mucous membranes
  • vascular proliferation by dysregulating VEGF
  • GI tract, top of mouth
  • primary effusion lymphoma
  • Africa and Russia
76
Q

JC virus

  • genetic info
  • structure
  • results in
  • pt pop
A
  • DNA
  • naked
  • progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
  • ## immunocompromised pts, AIDS w/ CD4 less than 200
77
Q

BK virus

  • genetic info
  • structure
  • leads to
  • occurs after
A
  • DNA
  • naked
  • nephropathy, hemorrhagic cystitis
  • after organ transplantation
78
Q

HPV

  • genetic info
  • structure
  • serotype 1-4: cause, location, transmission
  • serotype 6-11: cause, transmission
  • serotype 16, 18, 31, 33: cause; transmission, prevention
  • E6
  • E7
  • histo
A
  • DNA
  • naked
  • verruca vulgaris (cutaneous warts) on hands and feet, physical contact
  • laryngeal papillomatosis and anogenital warts; STD
  • anogenital and squamus cell cancers; STD; Gardasil
  • p53 tumor suppressor protein inhibit progression from G1 to S, destroyed by HPV E6 protein
  • Rb tumor suppressor inhibiting G1 to S; destroyed by HPV E7 protein
  • koilocytes w/ large cells and dense, wrinkled nucleus
79
Q

Parvovirus

  • genetic material
  • structure
  • transmission
  • congenital
  • sxs
  • leads to
A
  • single stranded DNA
  • naked
  • smallest
  • respiratory droplets
  • transmitted vertically,
  • slapped cheeks, rash on face spread inferiorly; arthralgia, arthritis, generalized edema
  • transient aplastic crisis and hydrops fetalis
80
Q

Adenovirus

  • genetic material
  • structure
  • commonly causes
  • transmission
  • pt pop
  • vaccine
A
  • DNA
  • naked
  • infection in adenoids and tonsils, hemm cystitis, pink eye
  • respiratory droplets, fecal-oral
  • children, military barracks
  • live vaccine only given to military
81
Q

Poxviridae

  • genetic material
  • structure
  • microscopically
  • core shape
  • smallpox: rash
  • cowpox: transmission
  • mulluscum contagiosum: lesion, children, adult
A
  • DNA
  • make envelopes and polymerase -> replicate in cytoplasm of cell
  • guarnieri bodies (inclusion bodies)
  • dumbbell core
  • develop at same rate, so all same age
  • infected cow udders,
  • flesh colored dome shaped umbilicated skin lesion, in children on trunk, in adults test for HIV
82
Q

Hep B

  • family
  • genetic infor
  • structure
  • replication
  • causes; chronic
  • transmission
  • congenital; tx
  • sxs/ sequlae
  • LFTs
  • HBsAg
  • HBeAg
  • symptomatic phase antigens
  • anti- HBc IgM
  • anti- HBe
  • anti- HBs
  • increased risk for
  • Hep D: replication, needs, genetic material, structure
  • tx
A
  • Hepadnaviridae
  • DNA, partially double stranded
  • enveloped
  • intranuclear and cytoplasmic; reverse transcriptase
  • hepatitis, 10% continue to chronic
  • STD or blood products
  • TORCHES infection; given hep B immunoglobuin and passive vaccination
  • rash, arthralgia, CKD (membranproliferative glomerulonephritis), cirrhosis
  • ALT rises in acute Hep B infection and falls after sxs go away;
  • first serological marker of active Hep B virus
  • indicator of active viral replication and sign of high infectivity
  • HBsAg and HBeAg
  • first detectable antibody during window period, (HbE and HBs no longer present).
  • Indicative of low transmissibility
  • Recovery from infection or immunization
  • HCC
  • negative sense RNA that propagates only in presence of Hep B; enveloped; circular single stranded RNA;
  • lamivudine, nuceloside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, interferon alpha
83
Q

Histoplasma

  • associated with
  • locatoin
  • transmission
  • reside in
  • diagnosis
  • dimorphic
  • x-ray
  • sxs
  • disseminated histoplasmosis
  • tx
A
  • bat and bird droppings
  • midwestern and east central US (ohio and miss)
  • inhalation
  • inside macrophages in lungs
  • antigen to histoplasma can be detected in blood, urine
  • mold in the cold and yeast in the heat
  • calcific deposits
  • cough, fatigue, weight loss, cavitation in upper lobes, erythema nodosum
  • hepatosplenomegaly, immuno compromised
  • azole and ampho b
84
Q

Blastomyces

  • location
  • dimorphic
  • transmission
  • micro
  • x-ray
  • causes
  • disseminated
  • dx
  • tx
A
  • Mississippi valley and great lake region
  • mold in cold yeast in the heat
  • inhalation
  • broad based bud the size of RBC
  • patchy opacities or densities
  • pulm granuloma formation
  • skin, bone, GU involvement in immunocompromised pts
  • antigen can be detected in urine
  • azole and ampho b
85
Q

Coccidioides

  • location
  • transmission
  • dimorphic
  • micro
  • causes
  • xray
  • disseminated
  • tx
A
  • southwestern US and northern Mexico
  • inhalation; found in soil and become airborne when ground is disturbed
  • mold in the cold yeast in the heat
  • large yeast spherules containing endospores; larger than RBC
  • community acquired pneumonia and arthralgias
  • unilateral infiltrates with hilar adenopathy and pulm nodule formation, erythema nodosum
  • skin, bone, joint and CNS involvement in immunocompromised
  • azole, ampho B
86
Q

Paracoccidioides

  • location
  • structure
  • micro
  • transmission
  • sxs
  • chronic sxs
  • tx
A
  • central and south america
  • multipolar budding yeast, dimorphic
  • captains wheels, larger than RBC
  • inhalation of spores
  • pulm granuloma formation, lymphadenopathy
  • oral mucocutaneous lesions (ulcers w/ ragged borders and spots of hemorrhage)
  • azole, ampho B
87
Q

Candida albicans

  • structure
  • catalase
  • causes
  • disseminated
  • micro
  • esophagitis: means, sxs
  • risk for vaginal yeast infection
  • IV drug user
  • tx normal
  • tx topical
  • tx oral
A
  • dimorphic, mold in the cold (psuedohyphae and buding), germ tube in the heat
  • positive
  • diaper rash, oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection (thick white discharge)
  • disseminated in immunocompromised
  • KOH mount of oral/ vaginal/ kin scrapings (show budding yeast and psuedohyphae)
  • AIDS defining illness, adherent grey/white psuedomembranes, pts with CD4 < 200
  • uncontrolled diabetes. antibiotic use and high estrogen level
  • tricuspid involvement with IV drug use, prosthetic valves, and indwelling lines
  • fluconazole and ampho B,
  • nystatin for topical treatment
  • caspofungin
88
Q

Aspergillus

  • catalase
  • aflatoxin
  • micro
  • transmission
  • allergic bronchopulm aspergillosis
  • sxs
  • invasive
  • tx
A
  • catalase positive
  • nuts, legumes, wheat -> linked to HCC
  • septate hyphae that form 45 degree angle branches
  • inhalation
  • migratory pulmonary infiltrates, wheezing, and increased serum IgE
  • colonizes the lungs and forms fungus balls, fever, hemoptysis, cough
  • in immunocompromised pt, kidneys, endocardium, brain (ring enhancing lesion), skin, and paranasal sinuses
  • voriconazole and ampho B
89
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

  • structure
  • found in
  • transmission
  • urease
  • pt pop
  • pulmonary sxs
  • most commonly affects, causing
  • stain
  • dx
  • MRI
  • initial tx
  • long term tx
A
  • encapsulated w/ thick polysaccharide layer making them anti-phagocytic
  • bird dropping and soil
  • inhalation
  • urease positive
  • affects immunocompromised
  • coughing and dyspnea
  • meningitis
  • mucicarmine (red) or methenamine (silver) for lungs or india ink for CSF (black backgroun w/ white bud and clear halo)
  • latex agglutination test
  • soap bubble brain lesion
  • ampho B and flucytosine
  • fluconazole
90
Q

Mucor and Rhizopus

  • cause
  • pt pop
  • rhizo: found, transmission, associated w/ , micro
  • proliferate
  • brain -> sxs
  • tx
A
  • mucormycosis
  • immunocompromised, diabetics
  • common bread mold, inhalation, DKA, nonseptate hyphae with angles at 90 degrees,
  • proliferate in blood vessel walls,
  • enter brain through cribiform plate causing black eschar on palate
  • ampho B and surgical debridement
91
Q

Pneumocysitis jirovecii

  • causes
  • defines
  • pt pop
  • xray
  • dx
  • stain
  • micro exam
  • prevention
A
  • pneumonia in HIV pts
  • AIDS defining illness
  • immunocompromised, CD4 under 200
  • ground glass infiltrates
  • micro examination or PCR of BAL
  • silver
  • crushed ping-pong ball
  • bactrim (trimethoprim- sulfa) or pentamidine
92
Q

Giardia lamblia

  • resides
  • transmission
  • forms
  • pt pop
  • sxs
  • sequlae
  • structure
  • dx
  • tx
A
  • intestines
  • fecal-oral; poorly purified drinking water
  • infectious cysts -> spread through feces
  • campers
  • foul-smelling, non-bloody, frothy diarrhea
  • malabsorption and steatorrhea
  • flagellated, with pear shaped morphology
  • trophozoites in stool seen on micro or detection of antigen in stool w/ ELISA
  • metronidazole
93
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

  • resides
  • common site of abcesses
  • transmission
  • abcess formation
  • sxs
  • gross
  • micro of intestinal ulcers
  • dx
  • trpohozoites histo
A
  • intestines
  • infectious cysts passed through stool; eating contaminated food or drinking water or anal-oral sex
  • right lobe of liver
  • right upper quadrant pain, bloody diarrhea
  • anchovy paste consistency
  • focal ulceration of intestinal mucosa that are flask shaped
  • stool O&P looking for ova and parasites
  • troph contain RBCs
  • paromycin and iodoquinol for intestinal and metronidazole for liver
94
Q

Cryptosporidium

  • resides
  • sxs
  • pt pop
  • stain
  • composed/ life cycle
  • tx
  • prevention
A
  • intestines
  • watery, copious diarrhea
  • pts with HIV
  • acid-fast
  • 4 motile sporozoites, infect and reproduce in epi cells of intestines
  • nitazoxanide in healthy, spiramycin in immunocompromised
  • filter the water
95
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

  • resides
  • host
  • found in
  • pt profile
  • CT/ MRI
  • sxs
  • congenital: how and sxs
  • tx
  • prophylaxis
A
  • CNS
  • cats
  • warm, bloody animal feces and undercooked meat
  • immunocompromised and pregnant women
  • ring-enhancing lesions, multiple
  • encephalitis
  • transmitted vertically, TORCHES; intracranial calcifiation w/ hydrocephalus, seizures, chorioretinitis, and hearing loss
  • sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine,
  • TMP- SMX to HIV pts w/ CD4 < 100
96
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

  • causes
  • vector
  • resides
  • leads to
  • dx
  • relies on
  • structure
  • tx
A
  • trypanosomiasis -> sleeping sickness
  • tsetse fly
  • CNS
  • coma / death
  • posterior cervial lymphadenopathy early and axillary later, recurrent fever
  • mature form seen on peripheral blood smear
  • antigenic variation of surface glycoproteins
  • motile w/ single flagellum
  • melarsoprol for CNS and suramin for blood infection
97
Q

Naegleria fowleri

  • resides
  • found in
  • gets into brain
  • causes
  • prognosis
  • dx
  • tx
A
  • CNS
  • freshwater
  • cribiform plate
  • primary amebic meningoencephalitis
  • rapidly fatal, w/ poor prognosis
  • examination of CSF
  • ampho B
98
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

  • resides
  • causes
  • vector
  • location
  • sequlae
  • dx
  • tx
A
  • blood
  • chagas dx -> abnormal dilation of colon
  • kissing bug (reduviid)
  • bite around mouth and deposit feces contaminated w/ bug
  • myopericarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy, megaesophagus
  • observation of trypomastigotes on blood smear or trypanosomes in cardiac myocytes
  • nifurtimox
99
Q

Babesia spp

  • resides
  • vector
  • causes
  • sxs
  • risks
  • dx
A
  • blood
  • ixodes tick borne
  • hemolytic anemia
  • jaundice, irregular cycling fevers
  • sickle cell
  • thick blood smear with intracellular and extracellular ring forms and maltese crosses inside RBC
100
Q

Plasmodium

  • malariae: resides, dx, sxs
  • ovale and vivax: dormant, sxs
  • falciparum: resides, sxs, sequelae; peripheral smear
  • tx: blood, liver, resistant, prophylaxis
  • vector
  • life cycle
A
  • blood, thick or thin blood smear prepared with giemsa stain, quartan fever cycle (72 hr)
  • dormant hypnozoites in liver; tertian fever (48 hrs)
  • blood; irregular fever; RBC with parasites can occlude capillaries of brain, vessels of kidneys, vessels of lungs; gametocytes appear banana shaped
  • chloroquine (blocks plasmodium heme polymerase), primaquine for dormant hypnozoites in liver, mefloquine against resistant strains and prophylaxis, atovaquone-proquanil and artesunate against resistant and severe cases
  • anopheles in saliva
  • sporozite introduced into human host when mosquito bites, sporozoite mature into merozoite in liver, merozoites rupture hepatic cells and enter blood stream to infect RBC, becomes trophozoite -> then schizont -> then merozoites -> rupture RBC and then infect more RBCs
101
Q

Leishmania

  • braziliensis: resides, host, causes, vector, intracellular form
  • dovani: resides, causes, sxs, affects
  • tx
A
  • blood, vertebrates, causes cutaneous leaishmaniasis (papules that progress to ulcers), sandflies, amastigotes in macrophage
  • blood, visceral leishmaniasis, spiking fever; affects bone marrow, liver and spleen
  • stibogluconate, ampho B
102
Q

Trichmonas vaginalis

  • causes
  • genital exam
  • sxs
  • dx
  • pH of vaginal fluid
  • transmission
  • TX
A
  • cervicitis
  • strawberry cervix
  • burning, itching, and mal-odorous discharge; frothy yellow- green vaginal discharge
  • motile trophozoites on wet mount
  • 4.5 or above
  • STD
  • both partners, metro
103
Q

Cestodes

  • genus
  • saginata: intermediate hosts
  • solium: intermediate host, structure, sequelae, transmission, sxs, CT
  • tx
  • diphyllobothrium: what is it, transmission, dx
  • echinococcus granulosus: host, intermediate host, transmission, abdominal CT
A
  • taenia
  • cattle
  • pig, hooks on head, infection of CNS, feces contaminated water; seizure; swiss cheese brain lesion
  • praziquantel w/ albendazole (for CNS)
  • fish tapeworm; ingestion of undercooked fish; B12 def; proglottid segments in stool
  • dogs, sheep, dog feces, liver cysts w/ eggshell calcifications

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