Micro Flashcards
Which Ribosomes do prokaryotes have
70s (30s & 50s subunits)
Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines target what specifically
30s ribosomal subunits of prokaryotes buy AT 30 CEL 50
Almost all bacteria except _______ and _______ have strong cell walls that provide shape and protection
mycoplasm and archaeobacteria
bacillus anthracis and clostridium botulinum both are
spore forming bacteria
_______ cells have simple cell walls and no peptidoglycan layer
Eukaryotic
_______ cells have a complex cell wall with peptidoglycans
prokaryotes
Gram + cells have what in their cell walls What color do they stain?
Positive= peptides= Techoic acid. Teichoic acid is a target for antibiotics Positive purple
Teichoic acid
Polymer of negatively charged glycerol . Target for antibiotics in gram positive bacT
Gram - cells have a thin peptidoglycan layer and _______ as a distinguishing characteristic. What color do they stain?
LPS(lipopolysaccharide) which is an endotoxin Negative Red (R-D)
Which type of bacteria have endotoxin and what is the endotoxin?
Endotoxins are a negative. From LPS
Lipid A, core polysaccharides, and O side chain/antigen are all apart of _______ which is associated with Gram_ bacteria
Lipopolysaccharides LPS Gram - negative
What happens in each part of the Lifecycle of a bacterias asexual reproduction. I Period C period D period
I- initiation C- Chromosomes replicate D- Division
Anaerobic bacteria utilize what for energy?
lactic acid and glycolysis
Gram _ ___ can form endospores such as bacillus anthracis and Clostridum botulinum.
Gram + Rods
Staph that is gram positive, Coagulase +, Catalase+ and part of the normal body flora
Staph Aureus A++
Staph that is gram positive, Catalase +, Coagulase-, found on human mucosa and skin
Staph Epidermidis
Which Staph is more prevalent but less pathogenic
Staph Epidermidis
Which Staph is the most pathogenic
Staph Aureus A++
Toxic shock syndrome
Caused by Staph Aureus Most commonly caused by food poisoning or tampons
___-cocci have been isolated all over the mouth and are mostly alpha hemolytic
Streptococcus
Strep that opportunistic. Will attach heart valves Makes extracellular polysaccharides(dextran) from sucrose to help bind to enamel
Strep Mutans
Strep most common cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Considered a facultative anaerobe and is Gram + catalase -.
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Strep Pyogenes
Group A strep Gram +, catalase - Srep throat (pyro=hot)
If you want to determine if a bacteria is strep or staph what do you test?
Catalase test. Staph is always Cat+ and strep is Cat -.
If you want to determine if a staph is aureus or another form which test should you do?
Coagulase. Aureus A++
Gram negative aerobic rod common in burn victims and immunocompromised pts.
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Actinobacillus Actinomycetemocomitans (Aggregatibacter actinomycetomcomutans
AA G- AGGressive form of periodontal disease in adolescents. Has a protease capable of cleaving IgG
Chocolate Agar
Hershey- Haemofilus influenza Nestley- N. gonorea
Influenza that is a common cause of infections in children such as otitis media, conjunctivitis, meningitis, and pneumonia
Haemophilus Influenzae
Prevotella intermedia (pi)
Pregnant women love pie Hormone induced periodontal disease during pregnancy
Porphyromonas gingivalis (pg)
Pigs get diabetes Isolated in advanced periodontal lesions of diabetics
Neisseria Gnonorrhea
Gonorrhea. Non motile G - cocci Chocolate agar
Neisseria Meningitidis
Aerobic G- cocci Meningitis Grows on blood agar
Bordatella Pertussis
aerobic G- cocci Whooping caugh
3 bacterial causes of pneumonia
Strep pneumonea Mycoplasma Klebsiella pneumonia
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Causes pneumonia, sinisitis, pharyngitis
Proteus Mirabilis
SeaPoopGod Motile, swarming growth, with a fish odor. GI issues
Serratia Marcescens
STOP sign- Red, Produces Rep Pigment
Major portion of oral microflora. Gram stain slightly positive Causes oral/facial abcesses with sulfur granules(actinomycosis)
Actinomycetes
Mycobacteria
Aerobic rods that are weakly gram positve and acid-fast.
Causes Tuberculosis.
Bacteria that causes Tuberculosis
Mycobacteria
Treponema Pallidum
Syphilis spirochaete
Sexual or congenitaly aquired
3 Stages: 1) Chancre sore at SOE
2) Fever, sore throat, skin rash, hepatitis, conjunctivitis
Stages of syphilis
Primary: Chancer where infection entered
secondary: Congtagous Fever, sore throat, skin rash, hepatits,conjunctivitis
tertiary: Not contagous Neurologic and cardiovascular abnormalities. Mulberry molars and hutchinsons incisors, condylomata lata, Tabes Dorsalis
Chyamidia Trachomatis
Sexually transmitted obligate intracellular parasite(spirochete)
Have DNA and RNA & inhibited by antibiocs
Opthalmia Neonatorium cause.
Most common STD in US
Chlamydia
Most common cause of Opthalmia Neonatorum
Chlamydia
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia(Tickettsia)
obligate intracellular spirochete
Headache, fever, rash
treatment is doxycyline
Mycoplasma
No cell wall= penicillin wont work
Mycoplasma pneumonia=walking pneumonia
Non productive cough, headache, insideous onset
Treatment: clindymycin, erythromycin, azithromycin
Primary cause of walking pneumonia
mycoplasma pneumoniae
Penicillin and cephalosporins will not be effective if
a bacteria has no cell wall.
Antibiotic regimend for pt before dental procedure?
Procedure if allergic to penicillins?
Normal pt.: 2 grams amoxicillin 1 hour prior to dental
Allergic pt.: 600mg clindymycin 1 hour prior
Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection
Which kills spores?
sterilization
Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection
Which uses alcohols, chlorohexidine, and iodine?
antiseptics- can be used on skin/mucosa
Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection
Ammonium compounds and phenol used for?
disinfection of a surface
Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection
autoclave, dry heat, ethylene oxide, formadyhyde, glutaraldehyde, sterile filtration used for?
sterilization
Autoclave heat and time for sterilization
Autoclave 121 C for 15 mins
Double for dry heat: 160 C for 2 hours
Dry heat sterilization temperature and time
Dry heat: 160 Celcius for 2 hours
Autoclave: 120 for 15 minutes
Like _______, riketsia and chlamidia are obligate intracellular parisites.
viruses
DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except
poxvirus
RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm except for
influenza and retrovirus
HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV, Hep B, small pox are all which of the following
DNA enveloped viruses
DNA nucleocapsid
RNA enveloped
RNA nucleocapsid?
DNA enveloped
Adenovirus, papilloma viruses, and parvovirus are all which of the following:
DNA enveloped viruses
DNA nucleocapsid
RNA enveloped
RNA nucleocapsid?
DNA nucleocapsid
HIV, measles, mumps, rabies, and influenza are all which of the following?
DNA enveloped viruses
DNA nucleocapsid
RNA enveloped
RNA nucleocapsid?
RNA enveloped
Enteroviruses(polio, coxsackievirus, echovirus, hep A, rhinovirus, and rheovirus) are all which of the following?
DNA enveloped viruses
DNA nucleocapsid
RNA enveloped
RNA nucleocapsid?
RNA nucleocapsids
Varicella zoster
chicken pox/shingles virus
Epsteine Barr virus
Cause infectious mononucleosomes
Hairy leukoplakia
Cytomegalovirus
Causes lifethreatening infections in immunocompromised pts.
Leading cause of blindness in aids pts.
Pox virus
Molluscum contagiosum- skin condition
multilpe nodules is an indicator for HIV
Hep that is spread fecal-oral
Vowels- A E
Hep with vaccines
A B
Chronic Hep that cuases interferon activation
Hep C
Hep requires B
D
Hand foot mouth disease
Coxsackie virus
sudden fever, sore throat, ulcerating oral blisters
Prions are PRO…
PROteins that PROmote CNS damage
Mad cow disease
Mad cow disease was what type of disease?
prion disease- CNS damaging
Sabourauds agar
used for growing fungi
Unicellular fungus with one nucleus
yeast
multicellular fungus that have hyphae
molds
Asexual reproduction in fungi is used to …
Sexual is used to…
asexual: spread
sexual: diversify
Treatment for Candida infections
ketoconazole, mycostatin, fluconaszole
Histoplasma Capsulatum
Mississippi and ohio river valleys endemic infection
birds, bats, chickens
Candida Albicans
Opportunistic yeast.
Can cause oral thrush in immunocomp. pts.
can cause vaginitis
Mucor micosis
Opportunistic mold primarily a problem for immunocomp. diabetics.
Heart shaped parasite with two nuceli and a flagella
giardia
Cat butt prasite that can cause hydrocephaly in fetus’ or mental retardation
toxoplasmosis Gondii
Inhibitors of Folate Synthesis drugs
Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)
sensitivity to sulfonamide antimicrobials
Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim are what type of antimicrobials
Inhibit Folate Synthesis
Sulfonamid blocks first step
Triim- blocks second step- treats marrow poorly
What are peptidoglycans and what are transpeptidases?
Peptidoglycans are the logs of the cell wall.
Transpeptidases are the glue.
How does the antimicrobial Bacitracin work?
Stops cell wall synthesis by blocking peptidoglycans
How do penicillins and cephalosporins work?
Inhibition of transpeptidases(glue) of cell wall synthesis
Penicillinase allows bacteria to be resistant to penicclilin and amoxacillin. What is an alternative drug?
Dicloxacillin
When someone has a hypersensistivity rxn to a penicillinwhat type of reaction is it?
Either anaphalactic Type 1 hypersensitivity IGE
or
Type 4 delayed contact hypersenistivity.
Beta lactam ring
Ring that is part of the stucture of penacillin and cephalosporin that pts can be allergic to
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Lincomycin
CEL 50
Buy At 30 (Tetra, aminoglycoside)
Cel at 50
First and second generation Floroquinolones are effective against G+ bacteria, but 3rd and 4th…
are extra effective against G+ and effective against G-
2nd- CO2 Cipro, ofloxacin
3rd- 3 leve clover
4th rest
TB medications -RIPE
Rifampin
Isoniazid
p
Ethambutol
Antiherpes Virus agens inhibit DNA synthesis by …
selectively inhibiting DNA polymerase
Ergosterol
Component of fungal cell membranes that is attacked with antifungals such as:
Nystatin(binds and makes pores)
Ketoconazole(Inhibits synthesis)
Antifungals:
Nystatin
Ketoconazole
Griseofulvin
Which one is different and what do the similar ones do?
Griseofulvin inhibits fungal mitosis
Nystatin and Keto both mess with Ergosterol(cholesterol for fungi)
Chloroquine
Used against parasites. Causes buildup of heme which is toxic to blood parasites.
Also blocks PLA2 enzyme that converts phosphotidylinositol into arachadoic acid(like steroids)
Why do steroids and NSAIDS hurt stomach
They inhibit Cox-1 and 2(NSAIDS)
COX 1 and 2 convert arachadoic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes which protect stomach mucosa.
Too many corticosteroids disease?
Too few?
Too much cortisol= cushings
Too little? Add some more=addisons disease
NSAIDs examples
N-Naproxen
S- Naprox Sodium
A- Asprin
I- Indomethacin/IB profein
Celebrex(protects Cox =protects stomach)
Celebrex
NSAID that doesnt target COx 1 and protects stomach
