Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NBDE 1 Random subjects > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Which Ribosomes do prokaryotes have

A

70s (30s & 50s subunits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines target what specifically

A

30s ribosomal subunits of prokaryotes buy AT 30 CEL 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Almost all bacteria except _______ and _______ have strong cell walls that provide shape and protection

A

mycoplasm and archaeobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bacillus anthracis and clostridium botulinum both are

A

spore forming bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_______ cells have simple cell walls and no peptidoglycan layer

A

Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_______ cells have a complex cell wall with peptidoglycans

A

prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gram + cells have what in their cell walls What color do they stain?

A

Positive= peptides= Techoic acid. Teichoic acid is a target for antibiotics Positive purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Teichoic acid

A

Polymer of negatively charged glycerol . Target for antibiotics in gram positive bacT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gram - cells have a thin peptidoglycan layer and _______ as a distinguishing characteristic. What color do they stain?

A

LPS(lipopolysaccharide) which is an endotoxin Negative Red (R-D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which type of bacteria have endotoxin and what is the endotoxin?

A

Endotoxins are a negative. From LPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lipid A, core polysaccharides, and O side chain/antigen are all apart of _______ which is associated with Gram_ bacteria

A

Lipopolysaccharides LPS Gram - negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in each part of the Lifecycle of a bacterias asexual reproduction. I Period C period D period

A

I- initiation C- Chromosomes replicate D- Division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anaerobic bacteria utilize what for energy?

A

lactic acid and glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gram _ ___ can form endospores such as bacillus anthracis and Clostridum botulinum.

A

Gram + Rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Staph that is gram positive, Coagulase +, Catalase+ and part of the normal body flora

A

Staph Aureus A++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Staph that is gram positive, Catalase +, Coagulase-, found on human mucosa and skin

A

Staph Epidermidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which Staph is more prevalent but less pathogenic

A

Staph Epidermidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which Staph is the most pathogenic

A

Staph Aureus A++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Toxic shock syndrome

A

Caused by Staph Aureus Most commonly caused by food poisoning or tampons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

___-cocci have been isolated all over the mouth and are mostly alpha hemolytic

A

Streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Strep that opportunistic. Will attach heart valves Makes extracellular polysaccharides(dextran) from sucrose to help bind to enamel

A

Strep Mutans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Strep most common cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Considered a facultative anaerobe and is Gram + catalase -.

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Strep Pyogenes

A

Group A strep Gram +, catalase - Srep throat (pyro=hot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If you want to determine if a bacteria is strep or staph what do you test?

A

Catalase test. Staph is always Cat+ and strep is Cat -.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

If you want to determine if a staph is aureus or another form which test should you do?

A

Coagulase. Aureus A++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gram negative aerobic rod common in burn victims and immunocompromised pts.

A

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Actinobacillus Actinomycetemocomitans (Aggregatibacter actinomycetomcomutans

A

AA G- AGGressive form of periodontal disease in adolescents. Has a protease capable of cleaving IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Chocolate Agar

A

Hershey- Haemofilus influenza Nestley- N. gonorea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Influenza that is a common cause of infections in children such as otitis media, conjunctivitis, meningitis, and pneumonia

A

Haemophilus Influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Prevotella intermedia (pi)

A

Pregnant women love pie Hormone induced periodontal disease during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Porphyromonas gingivalis (pg)

A

Pigs get diabetes Isolated in advanced periodontal lesions of diabetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Neisseria Gnonorrhea

A

Gonorrhea. Non motile G - cocci Chocolate agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Neisseria Meningitidis

A

Aerobic G- cocci Meningitis Grows on blood agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Bordatella Pertussis

A

aerobic G- cocci Whooping caugh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

3 bacterial causes of pneumonia

A

Strep pneumonea Mycoplasma Klebsiella pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

A

Causes pneumonia, sinisitis, pharyngitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Proteus Mirabilis

A

SeaPoopGod Motile, swarming growth, with a fish odor. GI issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Serratia Marcescens

A

STOP sign- Red, Produces Rep Pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Major portion of oral microflora. Gram stain slightly positive Causes oral/facial abcesses with sulfur granules(actinomycosis)

A

Actinomycetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Mycobacteria

A

Aerobic rods that are weakly gram positve and acid-fast.

Causes Tuberculosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Bacteria that causes Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Treponema Pallidum

A

Syphilis spirochaete

Sexual or congenitaly aquired

3 Stages: 1) Chancre sore at SOE

2) Fever, sore throat, skin rash, hepatitis, conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Stages of syphilis

A

Primary: Chancer where infection entered

secondary: Congtagous Fever, sore throat, skin rash, hepatits,conjunctivitis
tertiary: Not contagous Neurologic and cardiovascular abnormalities. Mulberry molars and hutchinsons incisors, condylomata lata, Tabes Dorsalis

44
Q

Chyamidia Trachomatis

A

Sexually transmitted obligate intracellular parasite(spirochete)

Have DNA and RNA & inhibited by antibiocs

Opthalmia Neonatorium cause.

45
Q

Most common STD in US

A

Chlamydia

46
Q

Most common cause of Opthalmia Neonatorum

A

Chlamydia

47
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

A

Rickettsia(Tickettsia)

obligate intracellular spirochete

Headache, fever, rash

treatment is doxycyline

48
Q

Mycoplasma

A

No cell wall= penicillin wont work

Mycoplasma pneumonia=walking pneumonia

Non productive cough, headache, insideous onset

Treatment: clindymycin, erythromycin, azithromycin

49
Q

Primary cause of walking pneumonia

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae

50
Q

Penicillin and cephalosporins will not be effective if

A

a bacteria has no cell wall.

51
Q

Antibiotic regimend for pt before dental procedure?

Procedure if allergic to penicillins?

A

Normal pt.: 2 grams amoxicillin 1 hour prior to dental

Allergic pt.: 600mg clindymycin 1 hour prior

52
Q

Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection

Which kills spores?

A

sterilization

53
Q

Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection

Which uses alcohols, chlorohexidine, and iodine?

A

antiseptics- can be used on skin/mucosa

54
Q

Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection

Ammonium compounds and phenol used for?

A

disinfection of a surface

55
Q

Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection

autoclave, dry heat, ethylene oxide, formadyhyde, glutaraldehyde, sterile filtration used for?

A

sterilization

56
Q

Autoclave heat and time for sterilization

A

Autoclave 121 C for 15 mins

Double for dry heat: 160 C for 2 hours

57
Q

Dry heat sterilization temperature and time

A

Dry heat: 160 Celcius for 2 hours

Autoclave: 120 for 15 minutes

58
Q

Like _______, riketsia and chlamidia are obligate intracellular parisites.

A

viruses

59
Q

DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except

A

poxvirus

60
Q

RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm except for

A

influenza and retrovirus

61
Q

HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV, Hep B, small pox are all which of the following

DNA enveloped viruses

DNA nucleocapsid

RNA enveloped

RNA nucleocapsid?

A

DNA enveloped

62
Q

Adenovirus, papilloma viruses, and parvovirus are all which of the following:

DNA enveloped viruses

DNA nucleocapsid

RNA enveloped

RNA nucleocapsid?

A

DNA nucleocapsid

63
Q

HIV, measles, mumps, rabies, and influenza are all which of the following?

DNA enveloped viruses

DNA nucleocapsid

RNA enveloped

RNA nucleocapsid?

A

RNA enveloped

64
Q

Enteroviruses(polio, coxsackievirus, echovirus, hep A, rhinovirus, and rheovirus) are all which of the following?

DNA enveloped viruses

DNA nucleocapsid

RNA enveloped

RNA nucleocapsid?

A

RNA nucleocapsids

65
Q

Varicella zoster

A

chicken pox/shingles virus

66
Q

Epsteine Barr virus

A

Cause infectious mononucleosomes

Hairy leukoplakia

67
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

Causes lifethreatening infections in immunocompromised pts.

Leading cause of blindness in aids pts.

68
Q

Pox virus

A

Molluscum contagiosum- skin condition

multilpe nodules is an indicator for HIV

69
Q

Hep that is spread fecal-oral

A

Vowels- A E

70
Q

Hep with vaccines

A

A B

71
Q

Chronic Hep that cuases interferon activation

A

Hep C

72
Q

Hep requires B

A

D

73
Q

Hand foot mouth disease

A

Coxsackie virus

sudden fever, sore throat, ulcerating oral blisters

74
Q

Prions are PRO…

A

PROteins that PROmote CNS damage

Mad cow disease

75
Q

Mad cow disease was what type of disease?

A

prion disease- CNS damaging

76
Q

Sabourauds agar

A

used for growing fungi

77
Q

Unicellular fungus with one nucleus

A

yeast

78
Q

multicellular fungus that have hyphae

A

molds

79
Q

Asexual reproduction in fungi is used to …

Sexual is used to…

A

asexual: spread
sexual: diversify

80
Q

Treatment for Candida infections

A

ketoconazole, mycostatin, fluconaszole

81
Q

Histoplasma Capsulatum

A

Mississippi and ohio river valleys endemic infection

birds, bats, chickens

82
Q

Candida Albicans

A

Opportunistic yeast.

Can cause oral thrush in immunocomp. pts.

can cause vaginitis

83
Q

Mucor micosis

A

Opportunistic mold primarily a problem for immunocomp. diabetics.

84
Q

Heart shaped parasite with two nuceli and a flagella

A

giardia

85
Q

Cat butt prasite that can cause hydrocephaly in fetus’ or mental retardation

A

toxoplasmosis Gondii

86
Q

Inhibitors of Folate Synthesis drugs

A

Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim

87
Q

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)

A

sensitivity to sulfonamide antimicrobials

88
Q

Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim are what type of antimicrobials

A

Inhibit Folate Synthesis

Sulfonamid blocks first step

Triim- blocks second step- treats marrow poorly

89
Q

What are peptidoglycans and what are transpeptidases?

A

Peptidoglycans are the logs of the cell wall.

Transpeptidases are the glue.

90
Q

How does the antimicrobial Bacitracin work?

A

Stops cell wall synthesis by blocking peptidoglycans

91
Q

How do penicillins and cephalosporins work?

A

Inhibition of transpeptidases(glue) of cell wall synthesis

92
Q

Penicillinase allows bacteria to be resistant to penicclilin and amoxacillin. What is an alternative drug?

A

Dicloxacillin

93
Q

When someone has a hypersensistivity rxn to a penicillinwhat type of reaction is it?

A

Either anaphalactic Type 1 hypersensitivity IGE

or

Type 4 delayed contact hypersenistivity.

94
Q

Beta lactam ring

A

Ring that is part of the stucture of penacillin and cephalosporin that pts can be allergic to

95
Q

Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Lincomycin

A

CEL 50
Buy At 30 (Tetra, aminoglycoside)

Cel at 50

96
Q

First and second generation Floroquinolones are effective against G+ bacteria, but 3rd and 4th…

A

are extra effective against G+ and effective against G-

2nd- CO2 Cipro, ofloxacin

3rd- 3 leve clover

4th rest

97
Q

TB medications -RIPE

A

Rifampin

Isoniazid

p

Ethambutol

98
Q

Antiherpes Virus agens inhibit DNA synthesis by …

A

selectively inhibiting DNA polymerase

99
Q

Ergosterol

A

Component of fungal cell membranes that is attacked with antifungals such as:

Nystatin(binds and makes pores)

Ketoconazole(Inhibits synthesis)

100
Q

Antifungals:

Nystatin

Ketoconazole

Griseofulvin

Which one is different and what do the similar ones do?

A

Griseofulvin inhibits fungal mitosis

Nystatin and Keto both mess with Ergosterol(cholesterol for fungi)

101
Q

Chloroquine

A

Used against parasites. Causes buildup of heme which is toxic to blood parasites.

Also blocks PLA2 enzyme that converts phosphotidylinositol into arachadoic acid(like steroids)

102
Q

Why do steroids and NSAIDS hurt stomach

A

They inhibit Cox-1 and 2(NSAIDS)

COX 1 and 2 convert arachadoic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes which protect stomach mucosa.

103
Q

Too many corticosteroids disease?

Too few?

A

Too much cortisol= cushings

Too little? Add some more=addisons disease

104
Q

NSAIDs examples

A

N-Naproxen

S- Naprox Sodium

A- Asprin

I- Indomethacin/IB profein

Celebrex(protects Cox =protects stomach)

105
Q

Celebrex

A

NSAID that doesnt target COx 1 and protects stomach

NBDE 1 Random subjects (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions