Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NBDE 1 Random subjects > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Which Ribosomes do prokaryotes have

A

70s (30s & 50s subunits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines target what specifically

A

30s ribosomal subunits of prokaryotes buy AT 30 CEL 50

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Almost all bacteria except _______ and _______ have strong cell walls that provide shape and protection

A

mycoplasm and archaeobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bacillus anthracis and clostridium botulinum both are

A

spore forming bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_______ cells have simple cell walls and no peptidoglycan layer

A

Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_______ cells have a complex cell wall with peptidoglycans

A

prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gram + cells have what in their cell walls What color do they stain?

A

Positive= peptides= Techoic acid. Teichoic acid is a target for antibiotics Positive purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Teichoic acid

A

Polymer of negatively charged glycerol . Target for antibiotics in gram positive bacT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gram - cells have a thin peptidoglycan layer and _______ as a distinguishing characteristic. What color do they stain?

A

LPS(lipopolysaccharide) which is an endotoxin Negative Red (R-D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which type of bacteria have endotoxin and what is the endotoxin?

A

Endotoxins are a negative. From LPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Lipid A, core polysaccharides, and O side chain/antigen are all apart of _______ which is associated with Gram_ bacteria

A

Lipopolysaccharides LPS Gram - negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in each part of the Lifecycle of a bacterias asexual reproduction. I Period C period D period

A

I- initiation C- Chromosomes replicate D- Division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anaerobic bacteria utilize what for energy?

A

lactic acid and glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gram _ ___ can form endospores such as bacillus anthracis and Clostridum botulinum.

A

Gram + Rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Staph that is gram positive, Coagulase +, Catalase+ and part of the normal body flora

A

Staph Aureus A++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Staph that is gram positive, Catalase +, Coagulase-, found on human mucosa and skin

A

Staph Epidermidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which Staph is more prevalent but less pathogenic

A

Staph Epidermidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which Staph is the most pathogenic

A

Staph Aureus A++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Toxic shock syndrome

A

Caused by Staph Aureus Most commonly caused by food poisoning or tampons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

___-cocci have been isolated all over the mouth and are mostly alpha hemolytic

A

Streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Strep that opportunistic. Will attach heart valves Makes extracellular polysaccharides(dextran) from sucrose to help bind to enamel

A

Strep Mutans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Strep most common cause of bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media. Considered a facultative anaerobe and is Gram + catalase -.

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Strep Pyogenes

A

Group A strep Gram +, catalase - Srep throat (pyro=hot)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

If you want to determine if a bacteria is strep or staph what do you test?

A

Catalase test. Staph is always Cat+ and strep is Cat -.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
If you want to determine if a staph is aureus or another form which test should you do?
Coagulase. Aureus A++
26
Gram negative aerobic rod common in burn victims and immunocompromised pts.
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
27
Actinobacillus Actinomycetemocomitans (Aggregatibacter actinomycetomcomutans
AA G- AGGressive form of periodontal disease in adolescents. Has a protease capable of cleaving IgG
28
Chocolate Agar
Hershey- Haemofilus influenza Nestley- N. gonorea
29
Influenza that is a common cause of infections in children such as otitis media, conjunctivitis, meningitis, and pneumonia
Haemophilus Influenzae
30
Prevotella intermedia (pi)
Pregnant women love pie Hormone induced periodontal disease during pregnancy
31
Porphyromonas gingivalis (pg)
Pigs get diabetes Isolated in advanced periodontal lesions of diabetics
32
Neisseria Gnonorrhea
Gonorrhea. Non motile G - cocci Chocolate agar
33
Neisseria Meningitidis
Aerobic G- cocci Meningitis Grows on blood agar
34
Bordatella Pertussis
aerobic G- cocci Whooping caugh
35
3 bacterial causes of pneumonia
Strep pneumonea Mycoplasma Klebsiella pneumonia
36
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Causes pneumonia, sinisitis, pharyngitis
37
Proteus Mirabilis
SeaPoopGod Motile, swarming growth, with a fish odor. GI issues
38
Serratia Marcescens
STOP sign- Red, Produces Rep Pigment
39
Major portion of oral microflora. Gram stain **slightly** positive Causes oral/facial abcesses with _sulfur granules_(actinomycosis)
Actinomycetes
40
Mycobacteria
Aerobic rods that are _weakly gram positve_ and acid-fast. Causes **Tuberculosis**.
41
Bacteria that causes Tuberculosis
Mycobacteria
42
Treponema Pallidum
Syphilis spirochaete Sexual or congenitaly aquired 3 Stages: 1) Chancre sore at SOE 2) Fever, sore throat, skin rash, hepatitis, **conjunctivitis**
43
Stages of syphilis
Primary: Chancer where infection entered secondary: **Congtagous** Fever, sore throat, skin rash, hepatits,conjunctivitis tertiary: _Not contagous_ Neurologic and cardiovascular abnormalities. Mulberry molars and hutchinsons incisors, condylomata lata, Tabes Dorsalis
44
Chyamidia Trachomatis
Sexually transmitted obligate intracellular parasite(spirochete) Have DNA and RNA & inhibited by antibiocs Opthalmia Neonatorium cause.
45
Most common STD in US
Chlamydia
46
Most common cause of Opthalmia Neonatorum
Chlamydia
47
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia(Tickettsia) obligate intracellular spirochete Headache, fever, rash treatment is doxycyline
48
Mycoplasma
No cell wall= penicillin wont work Mycoplasma pneumonia=walking pneumonia Non productive cough, headache, insideous onset Treatment: clindymycin, erythromycin, azithromycin
49
Primary cause of walking pneumonia
mycoplasma pneumoniae
50
Penicillin and cephalosporins will not be effective if
a bacteria has no cell wall.
51
Antibiotic regimend for pt before dental procedure? Procedure if allergic to penicillins?
Normal pt.: 2 grams amoxicillin 1 hour prior to dental Allergic pt.: 600mg clindymycin 1 hour prior
52
Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection Which kills spores?
sterilization
53
Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection Which uses alcohols, chlorohexidine, and iodine?
antiseptics- can be used on skin/mucosa
54
Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection Ammonium compounds and phenol used for?
disinfection of a surface
55
Antiseptic, sterilization, disinfection autoclave, dry heat, ethylene oxide, formadyhyde, glutaraldehyde, sterile filtration used for?
sterilization
56
Autoclave heat and time for sterilization
Autoclave 121 C for 15 mins Double for dry heat: 160 C for 2 hours
57
Dry heat sterilization temperature and time
Dry heat: 160 Celcius for 2 hours Autoclave: 120 for 15 minutes
58
Like \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, riketsia and chlamidia are obligate intracellular parisites.
viruses
59
DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except
poxvirus
60
RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm except for
influenza and retrovirus
61
HSV, VZV, CMV, EBV, Hep B, small pox are all which of the following DNA enveloped viruses DNA nucleocapsid RNA enveloped RNA nucleocapsid?
DNA enveloped
62
Adenovirus, papilloma viruses, and parvovirus are all which of the following: ## Footnote DNA enveloped viruses DNA nucleocapsid RNA enveloped RNA nucleocapsid?
DNA nucleocapsid
63
HIV, measles, mumps, rabies, and influenza are all which of the following? ## Footnote DNA enveloped viruses DNA nucleocapsid RNA enveloped RNA nucleocapsid?
RNA enveloped
64
Enteroviruses(polio, coxsackievirus, echovirus, hep A, rhinovirus, and rheovirus) are all which of the following? ## Footnote DNA enveloped viruses DNA nucleocapsid RNA enveloped RNA nucleocapsid?
RNA nucleocapsids
65
Varicella zoster
chicken pox/shingles virus
66
Epsteine Barr virus
Cause infectious **mononucleosomes** Hairy leukoplakia
67
Cytomegalovirus
Causes lifethreatening infections in immunocompromised pts. Leading cause of blindness in aids pts.
68
Pox virus
**Molluscum contagiosum**- skin condition multilpe nodules is an indicator for HIV
69
Hep that is spread fecal-oral
Vowels- A E
70
Hep with vaccines
A B
71
Chronic Hep that cuases interferon activation
Hep C
72
Hep requires B
D
73
Hand foot mouth disease
Coxsackie virus sudden fever, sore throat, ulcerating oral blisters
74
Prions are PRO...
PROteins that PROmote CNS damage Mad cow disease
75
Mad cow disease was what type of disease?
prion disease- CNS damaging
76
Sabourauds agar
used for growing fungi
77
Unicellular fungus with one nucleus
yeast
78
multicellular fungus that have hyphae
molds
79
Asexual reproduction in fungi is used to ... Sexual is used to...
asexual: spread sexual: diversify
80
Treatment for Candida infections
ketoconazole, mycostatin, fluconaszole
81
Histoplasma Capsulatum
Mississippi and ohio river valleys endemic infection birds, bats, chickens
82
Candida Albicans
Opportunistic yeast. Can cause oral thrush in immunocomp. pts. can cause vaginitis
83
Mucor micosis
Opportunistic mold primarily a problem for immunocomp. diabetics.
84
Heart shaped parasite with two nuceli and a flagella
giardia
85
Cat butt prasite that can cause hydrocephaly in fetus' or mental retardation
toxoplasmosis Gondii
86
Inhibitors of Folate Synthesis drugs
Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim
87
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)
sensitivity to sulfonamide antimicrobials
88
Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim are what type of antimicrobials
Inhibit Folate Synthesis Sulfonamid blocks first step Triim- blocks second step- treats marrow poorly
89
What are peptidoglycans and what are transpeptidases?
Peptidoglycans are the logs of the cell wall. Transpeptidases are the glue.
90
How does the antimicrobial Bacitracin work?
Stops cell wall synthesis by blocking peptidoglycans
91
How do penicillins and cephalosporins work?
Inhibition of transpeptidases(glue) of cell wall synthesis
92
Penicillinase allows bacteria to be resistant to penicclilin and amoxacillin. What is an alternative drug?
Dicloxacillin
93
When someone has a hypersensistivity rxn to a penicillinwhat type of reaction is it?
Either anaphalactic Type 1 hypersensitivity IGE or Type 4 delayed contact hypersenistivity.
94
Beta lactam ring
Ring that is part of the stucture of penacillin _and cephalosporin_ that pts can be allergic to
95
Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin, Lincomycin
CEL 50 Buy At 30 (Tetra, aminoglycoside) Cel at 50
96
First and second generation Floroquinolones are effective against G+ bacteria, but 3rd and 4th...
are extra effective against G+ and effective against G- 2nd- CO2 Cipro, ofloxacin 3rd- 3 leve clover 4th rest
97
TB medications -RIPE
Rifampin Isoniazid p Ethambutol
98
Antiherpes Virus agens inhibit DNA synthesis by ...
selectively inhibiting DNA polymerase
99
Ergosterol
Component of fungal cell membranes that is attacked with antifungals such as: Nystatin(binds and makes pores) Ketoconazole(Inhibits synthesis)
100
Antifungals: Nystatin Ketoconazole Griseofulvin Which one is different and what do the similar ones do?
Griseofulvin inhibits fungal mitosis Nystatin and Keto both mess with Ergosterol(cholesterol for fungi)
101
Chloroquine
Used against parasites. Causes buildup of heme which is toxic to blood parasites. Also blocks PLA2 enzyme that converts phosphotidylinositol into arachadoic acid(like steroids)
102
Why do steroids and NSAIDS hurt stomach
They inhibit Cox-1 and 2(NSAIDS) COX 1 and 2 convert arachadoic acid into prostaglandins and thromboxanes which protect stomach mucosa.
103
Too many corticosteroids disease? Too few?
Too much cortisol= cushings Too little? Add some more=addisons disease
104
NSAIDs examples
N-Naproxen S- Naprox Sodium A- Asprin I- Indomethacin/IB profein Celebrex(protects Cox =protects stomach)
105
Celebrex
NSAID that doesnt target COx 1 and _protects_ stomach

NBDE 1 Random subjects (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions