micro Flashcards
What are the four classes of biological molecules. what is true about them?
- lipids
- carbs
- nucleic acids
- proteins
THEY DONT DISSOLVE
what are the two types of lipids?
- fats (solid)
- oils (liquid)
what does hydrophobic mean and what is hydrophobic?
fear water, lipids
unsaturated fatty acids have at least one?
double carbon bond in hydrocarbon chain, making them less packed
what is a sterol?
another type of lipid. very different makeup than fatty acids.
what is a common example of a sterol?
cholesterol
what is a triglyceride molecule composed of?
three fatty acid chains held together my glycerol molecules.
they have a “backbone” of glycerol with three fatty acid chains attached to it.
saturated fattys acids are saturated with “__”
carbon
triglyceride is also known as what in common language
fat
what is a phospholipid?
phospholipids only have two fatty acid molecules attached to the glycerol backbone, while the third carbon of the glycerol backbone is bonded to a phosphate group instead of another fatty acid
What four bases does dna use?
cgat
what four bases does rna use?
cgau
dna vs rna?
DNA
1. double stranded helix
2. deoxyribose sugar phosphate backbone
RNA
1. single stranded molecules
2. ribose sugar phosphate backbone
monosaccharides are ___ sugar molecules?
one
what are three types of monosaccharides
- fructose
- glucose
3.galactose
what is sugar made out of?
carbhydrates, saccharides (sugar)
what are disaccharides?
two sugar molecule
examples of disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
what is sucrose a combination of? what is usually reffered to as table sugar.
glucose and fructose
what is sucrose broken down by?
sucrase
what is lactose a combination of?
galactose and glucose
what is lactose broken down by?
beta- galactosidase aka lactase
what is maltose a combination of?
glucose- glucose
what breaks down maltose?
maltase
polysaccharides are ___ sugars?
many
what are examples of polysaccharides?
- cellulose
- starch
- glycogen
glycogen is in?
animals liver and some bacteria
cellulose is?
plants plus some bacteria
starch is in
plants and some bacteria
glycogen is made up of a chain of?
glucose molecules
lactose intolerence occurs when?
people get older and over time they loose the ability to digest lactose in the intestines
what happens in the intestines when a lactose intolerent person digests lactose
- creates hypertonic condition (bloating) in bowel
- water enters the intestine resulting in diarrhea
bacteria in the colon?
are perfectly happy to break down lactose. when they break it down through fermentation it and create hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane.
what do the gases in the colon cause when a lactose intolerent person consumes lactose?
-bloating
-flatulence
-bowel sounds
how is lactose free milk made?
get milk from cow and treat with lactase that breaks it down into lactose that is safe to drink for people that are lactose intolerant
how is starch broken down
starch is broken down by amylase into small chains called dextrins then amyloglucosidase breaks down the glucose chains into singular molecules now called glucose syrup
how does glucose syrup turn into high fructose corn syrup
half the glucose syrup molecules get broken down by isomerase into fructose. together the fructose and glucose molecules make high fructose corn syrup
in proteins ___ is everything?
shape
short chains of AA are known as
peptides
proteins are made up of
a series of animo acids (peptides) held together by peptide bonds
primary protein structure?
is a sequence of a chain of amino acids
secondary protein structure?
occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds
tertiary protein structure?
occurs when certain attractions are present between alpha and helices and pleated sheets. any folding that is not alpha helix or beta sheet.
quaternary protein structure?
is a protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain
different sequence of amino acids mean?
differ in primary structure and function
what are the two kinds of folding in secondary structure?
alpha helix and beta sheet
quaternary structure?
two or more polypeptide chains attached together by covalent bonds
enzymes?
biological catalysts that lower the speed molecules have to be going to transform into product
active site is where
the substrate fits into
active site is the ___ and substrate is the ___
lock. key.
substrate is what is?
entering the chemical reaction
prosthetic groups are ___ attached?
firmly
apoenzymes
protein part of enzyme
a cofactor is?
the non protein part of enzyme
apoenzyme and cofactor together is called what?
holoenzyme
if the cofactor is loosly attached to the apoenzyme that is called?
coenzyme
what are two types of cofactors and what are they attached to?
prosthetic, coenzyme. attached to apoenzyme
the competitive inhibitor?
directly competes with the substrate for the active site and it has a simular shape to the substrate.
what type of inhibitor blocks substrate binding?
competitive
an incompetitive inhibitor does what?
attaches to the enzyme somewhere other than the active site therefore the substrate can bind but the reaction is blocked
allosteric site is also known as what?
regulatory site
allosteric inhibition
when an inhibitor or negative effector changes the shape of the enzyme so the supstrate can not fit
allosteric activation is when?
an activator or positive effector changes the shape of the enzyme so the substrate can fit in the active site
inhbitors are ___ to the cell while allosteric activator and inhibitor are ___ the cell
external,in
denaturing of protein can be
reversible or irreversible, the structue is just disrupted
coagulation is when?
a protein is past denaturing and denatured enough where it cannot go back to orginal shape
competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors have nothing to do with positive and negitive effectors
lower ot higher ph than what is ideal does what to protein
denatures it
lower temp does what to enzyme activity
slows it down the molecules arnt smacking together
too high of temp does what to enzyme activity
denatures it
