feeds and feeding exam 3 Flashcards
when are pigs weaned. what is the average with pig weaning? and what is the trend with pig weaning?
Pigs are weaned at 14-21 days and separated from other pigs. Pigs are on an average weaned around 3 weeks. This has become earlier and earlier over time
what is one of the most important things to contribute to a pigs success? late weaned pigs ____?
Getting piglets on good-quality feed quickly is important. late weaned pigs never catch up
why is in important to get piglets on good-quality feed quickly and use ____ nutritional management
-precise
-increases feed intake and rate of gain
-Maximizes lean growth potential (more muscle)
-Decreases risk of enteric and other disease
what is true about growth during first few weeks?
Growth during first week influences whole life growth
What can decrease diarrhea in piglets. why?
eating more. When parasite/bacteria gets to high in gut we get sick, so increasing feed intake flushes bacteria out.
what kind of diet to pigs need in the first two weeks?
Pigs in first 2 weeks after weaning need complex feed (different textures/ingredients) to drive growth, performance, and health
what is the adg growth goal of piglet?
ADG = 0.8-0.9 lb/day
what is the health preformace goal of piglet?
<2% mortality
what is the fg growth goal of piglet?
F:G 1.55-1.75. takes 1.55 lbs of feed to gain 1 lb of body weight
what is the feed cost goal per pig for nursery phase and how much is it per lb of gain
~$10/pig for nursery phase
$0.24/lb gain
what is the purpose of weaning pigs at 14-21 days and separated from other pigs. what is the result
-Reduces vertical disease transmission from sow to pig
-isolation from older pigs reduces horizontial disease transmission (pig to pig). results in healthy pigs with good growth preformance
What can a nutritional program for Early-Weaned Pigs include?
high level of milk products
high level specialty protein sources
Dried whey and lactose
Animal plasma
Fish meal
Blood meal
Just enough fat for a pellet
what is true about the types of food used in diets for early weaned pigs?
-$$
-complex
what happens to milk and plant digestibility over time?
-Milk protein digestibility decreases over time. Plant protein digestibility increases over time. Diet should shift accordingly.
what is phase feeding?
Animal is fed according to what it needs for its age
advantages of phase feeding?
-Maximum performance
-Reduced cost
-Minimize over-feeding and under-feeding
-Minimized nutrient excretion
distanvatage of phase feeding?
more labor/skill
feed budget is ___ pounds per pig and is fed until pig is between ___ pounds
5lb/pig
11-15lb
all monogastrics are generally ___ fed
phase
why can we take pigs away from their mother sooner
- better genetics
- better tech use in management
- better nutrition, can formulate a more accurate diet
phase one has ___ lactose ranging from __ to __.
High lactose- 20-22%
phase 1 uses high specialty protein sources such as:
. spray dried animal plasma, blood meal, fish meal
phase one uses __ to __ precent fat for ____only, uses little ____ meal, and is high in ___ ____
3-5% fat for pelleting only
Little soybean meal (<18%)
High in amino acids- 1.6-1.7% lysine
first __ days after weaning is most crucial
seven
milk and specialty proteins are expensive their inclusion should be _____ as digestive capability _____
reduced, increases
plant proteins are less expensive and their inclusion must be ____ gradually
increased
phase feeding is a compasrison between ___ and ___
preformacne and cost
phase feeding involves
feeding several diets for short periods of time
phase two diet is fed from ____ to ___ lbs of body weight
15 to 25
what is the feed budget of a pig in phase 2. what is the level of animo acids?
15 lbs/ pig. 1.45 to 1.55 precent
phase 2 diet ___ level of lactose. ___ level of specialty protein sources.
lower level of lactose 7 to 10. lower.
soybean meal ____ to ___ to ___ precent of diet in phase 2
increases, 20 to 22 precent of diet.
fat level in phase 2 is _ to _ precent usually fed in ___ form
1 to 3, meal form.
in phase two pigs eat a larger volume of feed but what is true about lysine level.
eats larger volume of feed but lysine level goes down due to amount of lysine ate or included in the diet
overall key ingredents in phase 1 and 2? why?
-spray dried whey this is high quality and edible grade. provides highly digestable milk sugars and proteins
-spray dried plasma protein, spray dried blood meal, fish meal- highly digestiable amino acid sources, all three stimulate feed intake and ADG
phase three diet is fed from __ to __ pound body weight and the feed budget is ___ lbs per pig
25 to 50, feed budget is 50 lbs/pig
in phase three there is NO….the diet is ___ and ____ meal based.
lactose or speciality protein sources. corn and soybean meal based.
in phase three there is an _____ level of animo acids ranging from
intermediate 1.35 to 1.45 precent lysine
in phase three there is ____ total ____ but…
higher total lysine but precent goes down cause they are eating more stuff
phase three is more expensive because?
the pigs are eating much more
____ diets increase feed intake during the first two weeks
complex
what is the process of feeding a developing gilt and how should it be done. what happens at 180 days.
Developing gilts should be fed for moderate lean growth up to a body weight of 250 lbs in 180 days then should be limit feed to reach 300lb for breeding
for breeding herd of pigs what should be the precent of ca and p
Ca and P should be 125-150% compared to slaughter pigs
what should happen to gilts for twp weeks prior to breeding, which means? what are the reasons for flushing?
Gilts should be ‘flushed’ for 2 weeks prior to breeding meaning increasing a gilt’s feed intake before her first mating.
1. Energy intake increased 50-100%
2. May improve ovulation rate and # pigs/litter
overfeeding gilts can impact?
Overfeeding gilts can negatively impact mammary development
Overview of Feeding Gilts and Sows during Gestation:
over and under feeding have _____ effects.
energy requirments ___ with ____ ____
Under and over feeding have negative effects
Energy requirements scale with body weight
how should sows be fed?
Sows should be fed to avoid excessive fatness but allows her to feel satiated
what are the side effects of overfeeding sows
Increased feed costs
Increased embryonic mortality
Decreased sow longevity
Decreased feed intake during lactation
what are the side effects of underfeeding sows?
Decreased piglet birth weights
Decreased milk production
Decreased piglet survival
Poor re-breeding
Increased sow mortality
feeding can be based on ___ condition. these two things are subjective:
Visual estimate of feed
amt fed can vary among caretakers
feeding. can be based on body ___ -_____/_____ _____. It is _____ and there is less ____ in pigs. to test carcass compostion can use _____ tools over ____ ____
body weight/backfat thickness
subjective
less variation
can use Ultrasonic tools over last rib to predict fat and muscle
What does feeding sows properly do?
sets the stage for optimum milk production,
strong growth performance by piglets
successful rebreeding as time goes on, piglets are bigger and are more/litter
when managing lactation nutrition:
sows should?
intake of what two things drives milk production and positively effects subsequent rebreeding?
-sows should eat as much as possible
-Energy and amino acid intake drives milk production and positively affects subsequent rebreeding
Lysine improves milk yield, esp with high energy
what does added dietary fat increase and is it a substitute for poor intake?
Fat is not a substitute for poor intake.
Added dietary fat increases milk production and milk fat
as well as lightweight pig survivial in below average herds, but not really in managed herds
what does high starch intake in sows do?
HIgh starch intake stimulates repro hormone secretion
what are the two roles of lysine in mothering pigs?
to maximize milk production
to minimize sow weight loss and maximize repro performance
how should feeding be managed? (feed intake and diet formulation for mother pig and piglets)
Feed intake maximized
Diets should be formulated to meet requirements based on litter size and projected weaning weight
How many times should sows be fed daily? sow should be ______. what part of feeding sows is vital? 2 anwsers. what kind of feeding systems may be used?
Sow should be fed 2-3, preferably 3 times/day. comfortable. record keeping and caretaker skill.
Automatic feeding systems may be used
when are broilers and roasters killed?
Broilers - 0-6 weeks
Roasters - up to 9
when are turkey roasters killed?
14-22 weeks
poultry digest _____. They do not have issues with ____ do to: no taste buds and __ ___ ____
starch
Do not have issues with palatability due to no taste buds and
Non-tactile tongue.
why are chickens bred?
Bred for more meat, growth rate, and eggs
how is feed intake adjusted in poultry? poultry has ____ feed efficiency.
adjusted to meet energy needs. excelent.
poultry have a feed to gain ratio of?
1.9:1
how many days does it take from hatching to have poultry in your freezer?
42-49 days of age
birds excrete ____ ____?
uric acid.
birds need what two things in diet because they excrete uric acid?
Need arginine in diet
Need glycine in diet, as uric acid production requires it
birds excreate ___ ___ and mammals excreate ___.
uric acid, urea.
what two elements are highly needed in bird diets and why?
Ca and P requirements high
Egg shell
Rapid bone growth
what are the goals when producing chickens?
Meet requirements for meat/eggs
Minimize costs, maximize efficiency
Minimize wet litter output
Minimize negative environmental effects because chickens produce lots of N and P
meat chickens are produced by and have ___ growth.
Rapid growth
Tyson foods, Pilgrim’s Pride, Perdue Farms
what is the feed cost when producing broiler chickens?
Feed costs 60-70% of cost
how do you maximise breast meat in birds?
High amino acid intake
Maintain calorie:lysine ratio
Minimize abdominal fat deposition
what does high amino acid intake do in birds
Maximize gain and carcass characteristics
what does maintaining a good calorie:lysine level do in birds?
provides Energy to drive protein synthesis
As energy changes, amino acids should too
how do you minimize abdominal fat deposition in birds?
alter energy to amino acid ratio close to slaughter
how does muscle mass affect changes ADFI, ADG, and nutrient requirements per bird
more mass, more amino acid requirement
what factors infuence ADFI, ADG, and nutrient requirments per bird?
Muscle mass, gender, genetics, age, temp, and pellet quality
how does age affect changes ADFI, ADG, and nutrient requirements per bird
requirements for amino acids, Ca and P decrease and the requirement for energy increases close to market weight
how does temperature affect changes ADFI, ADG, and nutrient requirements per bird
may need more energy if temp isn’t ideal
how does gender affect changes ADFI, ADG, and nutrient requirements per bird
males have more muscle mass
how does pellet quality affect changes ADFI, ADG, and nutrient requirements per bird
intake decreases if poor quality
What is the importance of reducing particle size in chickens? needs to be ___ (+/-) microns.
Reducing particle size improves starch digestion
800+ microns
Can be finely ground as long as birds have larger particle
what does feed form need to be like? to crumbl pellets the pellets need to ____ and ____.
Firm enough to not break apart
firm and rolled
pellet ____ effects ____. Broilers fed ___ ____ expend less _____ for ____. Therefore there is more dietary energy for ____ ____.
Pellet quality affects energy
Broilers fed high quality expend less energy for feeding. More dietary energy available for productive purposes.
Factors affecting feed efficiency:
- pellet quality
- particle size
- feed form
what are the amino acid requirements for broilers in order of most limiting?
1.Methionine
2.Lysine
3.Threonine
4.Isoleucine
in amino acid requirments for broilers there are ___ real __ requirements.
No real CP requirement
what is methionine added to in birds?
Methionine is usually added to corn-soybean meal diets
why is AA cysteine high in birds?
used for feathers
can Synthetic amino acids can be used in broiler diets?
yes.
Methionine and cysteine are ___ containing AA.
sulfur. there “spare” each other biologically.
what is the glycine requirements in broilers or birds?
Uric acid cycle needs 1 mol glycine for every 1 mole uric acid.
how many diets are fed during a 6 week grower finisher? and what are they?
In US, 3-4 diets are fed during 6 week growing period:
Starter
Grower
Finisher
how many eggs do laying chickens have a year?
~265 eggs/year - more than 10x body weight
laying hens are ___ than broilers?
smaller
laying chickens begin laying at?
18-20 weeks of age
what is the most common laying hen?
Single-comb white leghorn
in comparision to broilers egg laying chickens?
- have Low protein requirment compared to broilers
2.Low in energy requirment compared to broilers - need higher CA
- have lower processing costs
laying chickens dont need as much protein as broilers because? animal by products and excess waste are __.
they rely on vegetable proteins and synthetic AA.
rare.
laying chickens are lower in energy comapred to broilers becuase they have lower __? they prefer ___ ____ acids.
Low fat
Unsaturated fatty acids preferred
processing and feed costs are lower in laying hens because what do you feed them?
Mash, not pellets. although they need a lot of CA limestone is cheap.
what happens in egg laying chickens if there is low ca?
Little Ca, poor egg shell quality, reduced production, cage fatigue
what happens to bulk density of ca in chickens?
Bulk density of Ca is much higher than other dietary ingredients, so it gets left behind, esp given diet has little fat
why is ___ ___meal not fed in laying hens? (color)
Gossypol forms complex with iron
and turns the yoak Olive-colored
why is ____ meal, ____ meal, and ___ oil not fed in laying hens (taste.)
Trimethylamine leads to off-flavored eggs. fish oil also causes off flavored eggs.
what pigments are reponsible for the yellow/orange color in chicken yoaks? pigment is not an issue when?
Carotenoid pigments.
breaking plants/mayo
what natural pigment is added to chicken feed to increase yellow color?
Xanthophyll
what are the three ways xanthophyll is added to chicken feed?
- Alfalfa - 220mg/kg xanthophyll and 143mg/g lutein
- Corn gluten meal - 290mg/kg xanthophyll and 120mg/kg lutein
- Marigold petal meal - 7,000mg/kg xanthophyll
when are eating turkeys harvested?
14-14 weeks (hens) and 17-22 weeks (males) at 40-50lb
how many pounds do feeding turkeys gain per week? what is the feed to gain ratio?
2.0-2.2lb/weekl, F:G of 2.5-2.8
how many diets are eating turkeys phase fed in?
Phase fed 6 diets according to body weight: 0-4,5-8,9-11,12-14,15-17,17+
how much cp do turkeys that will be ate need?
CP of 16-26%
what are the first two limiting AA in turkeys? however ___ requirments are also high?
Methionine and cysteine first limiting - 0.6-1.05%. Lysine requirements are high - 1-1.7%.
what is added to the starter in eating turkeys?
Arginine added to starter
eating turkeys have to be fed?
crumbl wont eat mash
Poults have low? therefore they need to do what?
liver glycogen when hatched. start eating feed quickly.
what deficiencys are common in turkeys (6)?and what can they cause?
vitamin E.
Ca, P, Mg, Vitamin D, several B-vitamins-Rickets and leg-weakness common
what can high concentrations of ___ or growing to fast cause?
Ascites - fluid buildup in the peritoneum
the pet industry has_____ as time goes on.
It has increased over time. 68 precent of households have pets.
Larger than toy and candy industry
what are the 5 big pet food industrys?
Mars
Nestle
Iams
Hill’s
Del Monte
what kinds of specialty pet foods are there?
Weight control, urinary health, dental health, odor control, joint health, dermatitis
types of pet feed based on age?
Juvenile
Adult
Senior
what are distingusihing caracteristics about pet food?
Quality control
Quality
Ash (mineral) content
Research/development
Marketing
Protein characteristics
Cost
common features in pet food?
Not least-cost
Know little about nutrient requirements
Generally exceed requirements
in marketing high quality animal protien like steak is on the bag but ususally it is meal like…
High quality animal protein
Meal, like poultry, meat/bone, or offal,
vitamins in pet feed?
Full range, even if not much is known
Exceed requirements
what are unique ingredients in pet food?
Lamb, rice, barley
in pet food there is an inclusion of _____. such as:
Nutraceuticals
Omega 3s, glucosamine, chondroitin
specialty brands in pet food have:
high profit margins
concerns about feed in livestock:
ADG
F:G
Food production
Cost of production
concerns about feed in pet food:
Quality of life
Coat appearance
Stool volume
Longevity
Disease prevention
Wellness
livestock vs. companion animals energy requirments)
Most livestock have high energy requirements, but companion animals have relatively low requirements
what factors affect nutrient requirement in compansion animals (5 things)
Activity Level
Gender - intact vs neutered
Genetics
Health
Life stage
what does nutrient excess in companion animals cause?
organ failure and bone abnormalities
what does nutrient deficiences in compansion animals cause?
result in bone abnormalities, dermatitis, and decreased immune function
what are issues with companion animals that are based on life stage of pet?
Development Orthopedic Disease
Progressive Renal Disease
Dental Disease
Obesity (more likely if neutered)
why is body size a nutrient consideriation when picking out a diet for companion animals?
Function of Body Size
Large animals produce more heat/unit of body weight and surface area
____ ____ is considered when picking out feeds that match a companion animals nutrient requirement. this is more important in dogs.
body shape.
what do fatty acids do in pet foods? seven things.
1.High energy reduces nutrient excretion
2. help Hair and coat
3. help Nervous tissues
4. help Platelet aggregation
5. Prevention of mineralization of kidneys
6. Brain/retina function
7. Short-chain fatty acids improve gut health
what does dietary fiber do in pet foods? three things.
1.Satiety
2. Management of Diarrhea and Constipation
3. Absorbs or adds moisture
4. Management of Blood Sugar
(Controls diabetes mellitus)
why is use of dietary fiber limited in pet feeds?
Dietary fiber is poorly digested, so use is limited
protein used in companion animal feeds have high levels of what and low amounts of what?
High % of amino acids
Low ash content to avoid high P
Mineralization of kidneys if too high
why is ash content low in companion animal protien sources?
Low ash content to avoid high P
Mineralization of kidneys if too high
canned protien sources for pets are?
Highly digestible and functional for canned
what type of vitamans are used most in pet feeds ___ ____. and why.
Over-fortified: Vitamins
A,E, and C for immune system function and rapid muscle growth
ca and p are?
Ca and P for bone growth
what is the importance of low Na?
for blood pressure and heart maintenance
what is the importance of low mg in animal diets?
minimize kidney problems
why type of crystals can occur in urine due to vit/minerals in mostly young animals?
Ammonium Phosphate crystals realted to struvite crystals. Calcium
In young dogs/cats, diets may be acidic and low in mg to prevent
struvite and ammonium phosphate cyystals.
what is done in older dogs/cat to prevent calicum oxlate cyrstals?
Older dogs/cats, diet pH is increased and increased Mg to prevent
why types of crystals are seen in older dogs/cats?
Calcium Oxalate crystals in urine seen in oxlate crystals,
large dog breeds are prone to?
skeltal problems.
for large breeds what is reduced in mineral nutrition ? why?
Low Fat, energy to slow growth and
Ca reduced to slow joint/bone growth
compare ash and plant protein?
Protein:ash is generally better in plant proteins, but digestibility and AA profiles not as good
what AA in essential in cats?
Taurine is an essential amino acid that is near-exclusive to meat
deficiency of taurine in cats causes?
Cardiomyopathy
Retinal structure problems
Insufficient bile salt production
Repro failure
For cats At least __ of dietary protein should be from animals
- use lower plant protein.
plant protein is less ___ (two things) and has no ___. plant
good protiein source for compantion pets?
ash
what types of supplements are fed in dogs and cats and why?
Glucosamine and chondroitin are fed for cartilage and relieve pain (arthritus)
factors that influence forage quality?
1.Plant Maturity (nutrient quality decreases as plant matures)
2. forage type
3. parts of plant (Leaves more nutritious)
4.Selection
Animals select parts they prefer
what is the most nutricious part of a plant in forages?
leaves
what is the most abudant carb
Cellulose most abundant carb
how many acres of land is used for forages?
~34 billion acres land
40% native pasture
C4 vs C3 plants? three things are greater and one is less
C3 plants generally have
More protein
Greater protein digestibility
Greater energy availability
BUT
Less fiber and lignin
when are c4 plants growing vs when are c3 plants growing?
Cool-Season (C3) vs Warm-Season (C4)
Compared to C4 plants, C3 plants generally have
More protein
Greater protein digestibility
Less fiber and lignin
Greater energy availability
what are forbes?
Broad-Leafed, Non-Woody Plants
compared to grasses forbes have ___ protein. _____ protein digestibility ___ lignin ____ fiber. ____ is simular.
More protein
Better protein degradability
Less fiber but more lignin
Similar energy
what are Non-legumes?
Not associated with symbiotic rhizobia
Do not fix atmospheric nitrogen
Most native
what are the three pros and one con with Legumes?
Rhizobia fix atmospheric nitrogen
Increase soil fertility
Can be native
Can cause bloat
what types of plants are browse?
woody plants, leaves from shrubs/trees.
browse plants _____ nutrient quaility _____. are preffered by ___ ____ but cattle graze. they are leaves
Preferred by wild ungulates, but cattle graze
Maintain nutrient quality better
are growing and finishing barns for pigs different?
no
what drives protein sythesis?
Energy drives protein synthesis. Muscle also does this, but you need both.
young animals are in a _____ dependent state of growth. old animals ____.
Young animals are in an energy dependent state of growth. Older animals are protein dependent.
how to find appropriate lysine levels for finishing pigs? when lysine level is changed what else needs to be changed?
perform consecutive trials using dose titration. When lysine level is changed, other amino acids need to be to.
in early finishing pigs 77-135 what is true about the lysine requirment?
In early finishing, there is only a small performance penalty when lysine is slightly below requirement
for pigs 220-270 lb what is true about the lysine requirment?
Severe performance penalty when lysine is slightly below the requirements
lysine requirment is influenced by ___ intake. more ___ more lysine needed.
Lysine requirement is influenced by energy intake- More energy, more lysine is needed.
what types of genetic pigs need greater energy?
Genetic lines with greater potential for lean growth require more energy to drive protein synthesis
Effect of Fat on Pig ADG
Effect of fat decreases as potential for lean growth decreases
Effect of Fat on Pig Carcass Lean
Effect of fat decreases as potential for lean growth decreases
what does the growth curve look like in pigs?
Growth curve is of bone, then muscle, then fat
Adding Fat to finishing diets
Energy drives growth
Energy drives growth
Additional energy is needed to drive muscle growth when?
Pigs are young
Pigs have enhanced genetic or gender potential for lean growth
Care must be taken to increase __ ___ while maintaining fatratios.
animo acids
what does Adding fat to finishing diets do to ADG and feed intake.
F:G increases, but only because they are eating less.
when the bottom of a pigs feeder is filled with feed, feed is?
when the bottom of a pigs feeder is empty feed is?
When the bottom is completely covered with feed, it is wasted.
When it is empty, animals cannot eat and performance is reduced.
how much of the pigs trough should be showing?
50 precent
what is the pros and cons to water cups in pigs?
Water cups reduce waste of water, but contamination is possible
Ractopamine (Paymine) is what?
Repartitioning agent
when is paymine fed?
Approved for feeding pigs during their final 45-90lb of gain
4.5-9g/ton
what does paymine do to pigs? four things is increased.
Increased weight gain
Improved feed efficiency
Improved carcass weight
Increased muscularity and percent carcass lean
after the feed sample is washed with nuteral detergent soultion what remains in the bag and what is gone from bag
remains- neutral detergent fiber
no longer in bag- cell contents
