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Meded Path Lectures > Micro 1 > Flashcards

Micro 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Examples of DNA viruses

A

Herpes viruses (HSV, VZV, EBV, HCMV)

Adenovirus
Pox

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2
Q

Examples of negative sense RNA viruses

A

Flu

Measles, Mumpes, RSV

Rabies, Ebola

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3
Q

Examples of positive sense RNA viruses

A

Picornaviridae (Polio, Hep A)

Flaviridae (Hep C, Rubella, Dengue, Zika)

Coronaviruses

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4
Q

Which viruses are tested for in a respiratory throat swab?

A

Influenza A/B
RSV A/B
Human Metapneumovirus
Parainfluenza Virus

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5
Q

What are the two main antigens of flu?

A

H - Haemagglutinin

N - Neuraminidase

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6
Q

What does Favipivir do?

A

Polymerase Inhibitor (in trials)

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7
Q

Antigenic Shift vs Drift in Flu

A

Drift = Mutations incorporated by error prone RNA polymerases

Shift = Viruses A/B both infect the same cell, a mix of RNA material from different strains from each cell is packaged together

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8
Q

How do viruses express host antigens?

A

Viral envelopes are formed from stolen cell membrane, which may include host antigens

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9
Q

Oseltamavir?

A

Tamiflu
Neuraminidase Inhibitor
Blocks exits of virions from cells

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10
Q

H5N1 Mortality

A

Avian Flu

60% Mortality

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11
Q

Why does H5N1 have poor human-human transmission?

A

Less affinity for human 2,6 sialic acid than 2,3 in birds

RNA Polymerase is more efficient in bird cytoplasm

Resistance to host immunity

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12
Q

How are Flu vaccines designed?

A

Dominant strains in previous season/Australian winter
Prediction of strains effectively
Efficacy therefore ranges from 25%-90% in practice

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13
Q

Flu vaccine contents

A

Purified NA/HA of inactivated virus

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14
Q

Examples of live vaccines

A

MMR
VZV
Hep A

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15
Q

Examples of dead vaccines

A 
Hep A
Rabies
Hep B
Coxsackie
Influenza
HPV
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16
Q

Bronchiolitis Epidemiology

A

2-3% of infants per season
80% RSV
90% 1-9 months

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17
Q

COVID management

A

ABx for superimposed bacterial infection
Dexamethasone
Sotrovimab -> Neutralising Synthetic Ab
Molnupiravir -> RNA polymerisation interference

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18
Q

Hep A

A

Non-enveloped positive sense RNA virus

Faeco-orally transmitted

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19
Q

Hep Serology - Positive IgG

A

Either immune, or chronic infection

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20
Q

Hep Serology - IgM

A

Acute infection

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21
Q

Hep E

A

Non-enveloped positive sense RNA virus

Faeco-orally transmitted

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22
Q

Hep C

A 
Positive sense RNA
Bodily Fluids (IVDU, Blood products) 
Highly Mutable 
Infected by multiple strains over time 
Cirrhosis and HCC
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23
Q

Hepatitis C treatment

A 
Cure exists
Protease Inhibitors
Polymerase Inhibitors
NS5A Inhibitors
Combine classes
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24
Q

Hep B

A 
DNA + RNA
Large = can code immuno-evading molecules 
Bodily Fluid, sexual, blood
Acute/Chronic, most can clear it
>90% neonates develop chronic
Cirrhosis + HCC
25
Q

Hep B Treatment

A

IFN/Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analogues

26
Q

Hep B Serology

A

Acute infection, HBsAg + HBeAg high
Anti-HBc develops mid infection and remains high
Anti-HBc develops mid infection and falls post infection
Anti-HBs = cleared infection

27
Q

Hep B Vaccine

A

Purified HBsAg

Vaccinated also have Anti-HBs

28
Q

Chronic Hep B Infection serology

A

Positive HBsAg + IgG anti-HBc

29
Q

Acute Hep B Infection serology

A

Positive HBsAg + IgM anti-HBc

30
Q

Previous Hep B infection serology

A

Positive IgG anti-HBc + Anti-HBs

31
Q

HIV structure

A

Enveloped positive sense RNA virus
Non-segmented genome, diploid, allows for error prone transcriptase
gp120-41 surface protein
binds CD4 = binds T lymphocytes

32
Q

HIV drug targets

A

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Integrase Inhibitors
Chemokine Receptor Antagonist
Protease Inhibitors

33
Q

HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A 
Nevirapine (NNRTI)
Emtricitabine (NNRTI)
Zidovudine (NRTI)
Tenofovir (NRTI)
Alafenamide (NRTI)
34
Q

HIV Integrase Inhibitors

A

Raltegravir

Bictegravir

35
Q

HIV chemokine receptor antagonists

A

Maraviroc

36
Q

HIV protease inhibitors

A

Saquinavir

37
Q

HIV treatment regime

A

3 antiretrovirals from two or more classes

ie. Bictegravir, Tenofovir, Alafenamide + Emtricitabine

38
Q

What causes Kaposi Sarcoma

A

HHV 8

Only susceptible in severe immunodeficiency

39
Q

Pneumocystis Jirovecii

A

Yeast, obligate parasite of humans
Aerosol
Abs by 3
Reacquired in immunodeficiency -> pneumonia

40
Q

Pneumocystis treatment

A

High dose co-trimoxazole + prednisolone

41
Q

Clinically important fungi in AIDS

A

Candida albicans -> oral, vaginal, oesophagitis

Cryptococcus neoformans -> meningo-encephalitis

42
Q

Clinically important fungi non-HIV

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

Mucor -> fungal necrotising fasciitis

43
Q

Anti-fungal types

A

Target Membranes -> Polyenes, Azoles

Microtubules

Cell Wall

44
Q

Polyenes

A

IV Amphotericin for severe infection

Oral Nystatin

45
Q

Azoles

A

Fluconazole

Clotrimazole

46
Q

Pathognomonic fungal diseases for AIDS

A 
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Kaposi Sarcoma
Candida
Cryptococcus 
Histoplasma
47
Q

Pathognomonic viral diseases for AIDS

A

CMV
HSV
EBV
JCV

48
Q

Pathognomonic bacterial diseases for AIDS

A

TB

Salmonella Septicaemia

49
Q

Pathognomonic parasitic diseases for AIDS

A

Cryptosporidium

Toxoplasma - cats

50
Q

Neurological complications of HIV

A

CNS Lymphoma
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis
Neurocysticercosis

Cryptococcus Meningoencephalitis
Progressive multifocal Leukoencephalopathy - JC virus
HCMV

51
Q

Parasite subtypes

A

Protozoa

Helminths

52
Q

Protozoa

A

Apicomplexa:
Toxoplasma gondii
Plasmodia spp. (malaria)

Kinetoplastida:
Trypanosoma
Leishmania

53
Q

Helminths

A

Nematodes: Roundworms, intestines
Ascaris lumbricoides
Necator americanus

Trematoda - flukes
Schistosoma

Cestoda - Tapeworms - intestines
Taenia

54
Q

Malaria Schizont

A

Human cell with vacuole filled with plasmodium sporozoites

55
Q

Taenia Solium

A

Tapeworm
Pork
eggs can spread around body (blindness, brain etc)

56
Q

Anaemia in developing world?

A

Hookworm - necator/ancylostoma

57
Q

Fresh water snail parasite

A

Schistosoma spp.

58
Q

Schistosomiasis pathologhy

A

Claypipe-stem fibrosis
Portal Hypertension
Steroids, Praziquantel

Meded Path Lectures (15 decks)

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